Different situations in the school Essay Example for Free

Different situations in the school EssayIt is found bulge come in that p bents of children piteous from accomplishment disabilities represent other parents in boldness regarding childrens upbringing, education as swell as disabilities. Understanding of these parents concerns greatly contributes to childrens education since they work together with teachers to assist the disabled children.It is not becharm to generalize situations of parents whose children suffer from eruditeness disabilities. This is because the parents affirm different approaches of dealing with their childrens situation which is necessitated by their different backgrounds. (Myklebust, 2008) Parents withstand very high expectations, dreams as well as hope concerning their childrens life long before those children is born. The primary hope for every parent is to have healthy children regardless of the kind of depend on and the preference of a desired sex comes after total health aspect.In cases where a child is found to possess disabilities and in this particular case, learnedness disabilities, parents lose dreams that they previously had for their children and they try to replace them with impudently dreams that fit childrens type of deterrent. However, grief associated with acquisition disability possessed by children tend to recapitulate in parents mind periodically including previous expectations that fail to take place which mainly occurs during anniversaries. (Donahue, 2002)Parents Experiences, Understanding and Expectations for Their Children with Learning DisabilitiesThe parents of millennial generation children are noticed to have more concern for aspects related to their childrens education particularly for those suffering from learning disabilities. Among the areas of concern for this category of parents is safety where parents are concerned with whether their childrens feelings as well as emotions are safe.This is because they fear a situation where they may get hurt by being looked down upon by other traffic pattern children. They likewise worry of the manner in which school personnel treat their children when they fail to respond to learning as expected. Since learning disabilities attract special assist to this category of children, they tend to be vulnerable to bully from other normal children which also affects childrens emotions negatively. (Ramcharan, 2005)The situation where parents mind about their childrens safety sometimes leads to overprotection on the side of children suffering from learning disabilities. This develops negative effects on those childrens development and some of these children suffering find this kind of discourse inappropriate as compared to their age. (Sigel, 2006)Another area of concern for parents whose children possess learning disabilities regards other childrens as well as parents attitudes towards their childrens situation of learning disability. They wonder whether their children will be accepted o r will be alienated due to their possession of learning disabilities. For instance, some parents of non-disabled children consider education property directed to education of children who possess learning disabilities as going to waste.They prefer that the funds are entirely used on their children who are more productive. Parents of children possessing learning disabilities experience difficulties in explaining the disability situation to their children. This affects the relationship between them since the children feel that some truth regarding their disability is being hidden from them, which is the reason as to wherefore they are accorded much attention. (Goss, 2001)Attitudes and Experiences of Children Possessing Learning Disabilities within Different Learning EnvironmentsThere is a wide variety of experiences as well as attitudes that children suffering from learning disabilities undergo within learning environments. These experiences accept a situation where they are discri minated by fellow students and find it difficult to have friends as normal students do. This is contributed by their inability to keep up with their friends knowledge and speed to learn and understand things which makes them to be alienated. The fact that these children are mostly with their teachers receiving extra guidance on topics taught in class when others are playing make it difficult for other children to interact with them due to the ever presence of their teacher.It follows that children suffering from learning disabilities are always or so their teachers where they tend to develop comfort which denies them a chance to learn how to associate with peers. This category of children also finds that avenues in which they can make friends are limited in their learning environment. In cases where there are extracurricular activities in which they can indulge in, they lack time for that since they are mostly getting special classes during their forgo time. (Gates, 2003)There are situations where childrens learning disabilities tend to overshadow their abilities according to their teachers perception. Some teachers direct their focus on the childrens situation rather than content of those children to develop some understanding of educational concepts. For instance, a teacher may recognize a childs struggles with science subjects to a point that he/she fails to recognize that the child is gifted in art. This negatively affects this category of children as they feel very inadequate since they are not appreciated for what they are good at doing. (Butler, 2002)Some school personnel may be willing to appreciate areas that children are good at, but it is hindered by identification methods applied in learning environments. Identification is normally conducted through standardized tests which is not the appropriate measure for their giftedness. The standardized tests require some adjustment as well as modifications before being imposed on the children in order to point areas in which they are gifted. (Taylor, 2005)The achievements of children possessing learning disabilities sometimes go unrecognized since there is no clear separation between the work done by teachers and that done by the children. Some people feel that their achievements are accompanied by so much follow up from teachers. This demoralizes the children especially when they are sure that they contributed quite a lot towards their success.Another disturbing situation for children suffering from learning disability is where they have to shift from schooling levels like when moving from elementary level to secondary level. Another handing over is when this category of childrens families relocates to new residential areas where the children have to change schools.Children suffering from learning disabilities find it hard to adjust during these two transition periods. The main difficulty comes where they have to initiate new relationships in their new schooling levels as well as schools. That is they have to introduce themselves and their situation to their new teachers who might treat them differently from their previous school personnel. This makes children to feel out of place when they realize that they are taking more time to adjust compared to normal children and even more when the new learning environment fails to fit their of necessity appropriately. (Westwood, 2003)These children feel stressed and pessimistic about starting the process of getting special attention in learning with the new school personnel. This stress and discomfort realized from difficulties encountered in adjusting to unfamiliar learning situation is normally manifested in some weird behaviour that was not previously recognized in the children which shows that the transition situation affects them psychologically. (Adelman, 2007)There are certain characteristics that describe the learning environment that children suffering from learning disabilities consider ideal, in which the y would be absolutely comfortable if the were provided to them. These include a learning environment where needs, concerns as well as dreams of these children are accorded consideration by their teachers. They also prefer that their disability does not hinder their teachers from recognizing areas where they are gifted. Concerning the manner in which other children treat them, these children would prefer that other children interact with them freely without discriminating them due to their situation. (Kravets, 2003)ConclusionIt is clear that parents encounter distinct experiences with children suffering from learning disabilities including the situation where parents are not in a position to explain the learning disability situation to their children. This affects the relationship between parents and their children since the children feel that everything is not being revealed concerning their situation. These children also encounter challenging experiences from their learning environ ments.This is normally because they are not treated as they would prefer which makes them feel out of place. They point out that they would prefer to be integrated with other normal children in order that their learning disabilities do not hinder them from living a happy life. They also prefer that everything about their learning disability is disclosed to them in order that they get to know their level of disability and work towards adjusting it. (Sattler, 2007)

Censored Literature Essay Example for Free

Censored Literature EssayThere are many reason why states or international countries ban and censor literature. The question that arise when literature are integrated into the curriculum is is the literature appropriate? The reason for outlaw or banned literature is culture, language, religion, and age.The master key of the go by William Golding is literature that has been challenged and censored by many schools because of what the literature represents and inappropriate for children of a certain age. Although many schools banned and censored the literature, the literature can reserve a positive in-class discussion and encourage root projects. Censoring The Lord of the Flies by William GoldingThe Lord of the Flies by William Golding is a fictional take hold about British schoolboys being evacuated on a plane to escape war. The plane is shot down into a deserted island. Challenges are faced, rules are broke, and untested laws are established on the island.The main charact er, Ralph, becomes the leader of the schoolboys. Ralph tries to establish order on the island, but the schoolboys vote against Ralph. Instead of establishing order and a civil group on the island, the schoolboys become savages, violent, and mischievous. As Ralph tries to escape the mischievous boys who are afterward him, Ralph stumbles upon the beach, where a British naval ship arrived on the beach.The literature is seen as a controversial book. The Lord of the Flies by William Golding was challenged at the Owen, NC High School in 1981. According to the American Library Association (2010), the book was considered demoralizing inasmuch as it implies that man is little more than an animal (The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding).The literature brings up the discussion of what constitutes a government vs. savages. Although to some, the literature may seem gaga with inappropriate language, the literature provides knowledge and uses of symbolism. I agree the literature may be unsui table ages the book recommended for high school students can be a great tool for English studies and in-class discussion. The use of symbolism helps students to learn the depths and meaning of literature. Symbolism adds ideas and different meanings in literary works. Use of Literature in the Curriculum.The Lord of the Flies by William Golding can be used in the high school reading curriculum for English studies. Students will discuss the literature after reading two chapters. Student will identify the symbolism used in the chapters. Students will then discuss the issue of laws vs. savages. Upon discussion, students will then keep open down what constitute a government and laws. Student will then discuss his or her ideas in front of the class. ConclusionLiterature banned and censored in many parts of the United States and other countries halt content material that may be unsuitable for certain age groups. However, censoring books may not allow students to experience certain situati ons that he or she may not experience, but can experience emotions. Some literatures may even contain valuable information on history or the way government works. Other literatures can provide discussion that can provide different perspectives or views of the story. It is important to incorporate literature in everyday teaching to enhance critical thinking skills.ReferenceAmerican Library Association. (2010). Banned and/or Challenged Books from the Radcliffe publish course top 100 novels of the 20th century. Retrieved from http//www.ala.org/bbooks/frequentlychallengedbooks/classics/reasons

The Introduction To The Kashmir Conflict History Essay

The Introduction To The Kashmir Conflict History EssayDemarcating boundaries to create nations has been an nonpareilrous exercise that has continuously been replete with controersies. Conflicts halt been prevailing all everywhere it a overcompensate the globe. This conflict has extended towarf areds sea bodies as countries compete to control oil wells and other resources. The conflicts c erstrning North Korea and South Korea, the US and Mexico and Japan and mainland China are some of the examples that live with drawn supranational attention. The paper will however focus on issues related to the stalemate over Kashmir amid India and Pakistan. earlier 1947 India and Pakistan were a part of a conjugation that was under the control of the British Raj. While leaving, the colonial powers separated the region on the floor of religion bighearted rise to two nations India and Pakistan. The transition was mired with incidents that were fraught with bloodshed and consequently the two nations developed an animosity towards each other. A nonher contend for conflict was over territorial command over Kashmir an Indian state that lay along the b poses of India and Pakistan. In a bid to control the region the two countries obligate been tough in numerous wars the war in 1948 and 1965 and the Kargil war of 1999. India opines that Pakistan along with its agencies like the Inter-Services Intelligence or the ISI finances terrorism in the region to create instability while Pakistan claims that they rightfully own Kashmir. The region in like manner has a 3rd group known as separatists who want a separate identity without universe a part of either India or Pakistan.The people of Kashmir buzz off been traumatized by the level of insurgency in the region along with the atrocities committed by the Indian army under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA). At adept clock time people had an inclination towards a particular nation but the atrocities perpetrated by these nations remove held public opinion against these countries. Some have true the point that they are helpless while the reactive ones resort to activities like mass protest and vast scale stone slinging in order to claim their basic rights.The lit successionture serves to provide a background to the conflict that includes the three major wars fought between them. It will premiere cover the reasons that led to the three wars (the 1948-1949 war, the 1965 war and the Kargil war) and the perspectives of some(prenominal) the countries will be discussed in relation to these confrontations. Elaborating on historical and contemporary issues, a comprehensive outlook of India and Pakistan on the Kashmir issue will be discussed and the disparities will be extrapolated. Finally the paper will discuss the possible solutions to the Kashmir conflict. The solutions will be intensive and would encompass issues such as peeing share, providing autonomy to the people of Kashmir, nurturing trade and barter and demarcating the boundaries of Kashmir constituted on communal con nerverations.The Battle for Kashmira. Immediate post-independence 1948-1949 spotAs soon as the states of India and Pakistan were formed in 1947, the controversy over Kashmir arose. The two nations have been involved in four wars since the British left the subcontinent and the 1947-1948 was the first among them in which the rightful command over Kashmir was the contentious issue.1When the two countries were first formed, Kashmir was ruled by a Hindu king by the name of maharaja Hari Singh. He was neutral to India and Pakistan and chose to stay on independent. On October 22, 1947 a large number of armed tribesmen2, made inroads into Kashmir, plundered the villages and later set fire to these villages. It was at this turn that the king sought the assistance of India and in return decided to patch up Kashmir a part of the Indian Union. This gave rise to upgrade conflict in the region. In 1947 , India and Pakistan went to war over Kashmir. Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru appealed to ask the United Nations to intervene and a UN cease-fire was arranged for December 31, 1948.3A ceasefire was established by means of and through a Line of Control and Kashmir was acknowledged as a disputed territory (Kashmir is nonoperational considered to be a disputed territory against the popular intuitive feeling in India that the region is a part of it).What needs to be acknowledged is that the war over Kashmir just aft(prenominal) Independence had numerous dimensions to it. The Indian depending on(p) claims that the Maharaja of Kashmir was harassed by the constant pillaging of Kashmiri villages by the tribesmen of Pakistan. To protect the interests of the Kashmiri people the Maharaja signed instrument of Accession to India.4It was further considered that the terrorist forces were under the patronage of Pakistan and was aimed at destabilizing the region. India further claims th at it managed to garner the take from the Kashmiris and under plebiscite rule it became a part of the nation. Pakistan on the other hand held an opinion that was all different. Pakistan never believed in the Accession agreement signed by India and continued to occupy a third portion of Kashmir.5The varied opinion was the main reason that led to the war and it was only after the interruption of the UN that both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) sides acknowledged the existence of a ceasefire.India continued to occupy most parts of Kashmir while the international community along with Pakistan refuted such a territorial occupation. Pakistan managed to control a part of the territory and at the corresponding time refuted Indias claim. This was the scenario that prevailed in Kashmir after the war. The endeavors of the UN and the British prevented both the nations from breaking out into a war. Kashmir however was not given the privileges of a democracy by the India Union. India la id down the condition that unless Pakistani promenade vacated the remaining portion entirely, classless rights would be curbed in the region. Through the 1950s6, there was a tussle between the State Assembly and the power at the Centre in India for a more autonomous government. The Indian government was however really adamant in tackling the situation and maintained a obese military presence in the region. It was in this period that the people of Kashmir were subjected to strict military surveillance because the Indian politicians especially Nehru was of the opinion that if the people were given the liberty, it would foster Pakistan-sponsored terrorism in the region.b. 1965 WarThe year 1965 saw a desperate attempt by the Pakistani forces to seize Kashmir from the clasp of India. Between 1956 and 19627, Pakistan managed to procure a heavy consignment of military equipment and this narrowed down the military prowess of India and Pakistan. Americas assistance to Pakistan could be a retaliatory step considering the fact that India and the Soviet Union had maintained a sociable descent and this was beyond the comfort level of the US. The procurement emboldened Pakistan and it launched a fresh attack on India. India was however lucky in fending off the attack and sought for international intervention in the region in order to settle the dispute. It was for the first time that an international histrion (other than the UN took part in the Kashmir issue). The Security Council passed Resolution 211 that mandated both the parties to respect the ceasefire and recede back to their respective territories8. Even countries like the US stopped providing arms and ammo to both the countries. This was instrumental in bringing both the parties to the talking table with the Soviet Union as the mediator. A treaty was signed by both parties in Tashkent and as per the treaty the armies of both the nations withdrew from the disputed area.The 1965 War clearly demonstrated the significance of the Kashmir issue and brought to light the roles played by China, the US and the Soviet in the geopolitics of South Asia. Unfortunately the cease fire that was promulgated by the foreign powers did not have any bearing in the relationship between the two countries.9It was only a titular agreement between the two countries that was aimed at preventing any sort of confrontation between the Indian armament and the Pakistani Army. The scenario in Kashmir and the plight of the Kashmiris did not undergo any change after the war.c. 1999 WarA recurrent military-hybrid shift occurred in the 1980s through to the 1990s. After establishing a military regime through a coup in 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq came to rely significantly upon Islamist groups for domestic political legitimacy.10It was in this era that militancy in the region reached new heights. India condemnd the Pakistani intelligence agencies for providing financial and logistical support to these militant groups. While a portion of the blame can be attributed to Pakistan, the Indian Army operating in the region had a role to play in the proliferation of these groups. What needs to be acknowledged is the fact there was widespread infiltration from the Pakistani borders into Indian soil. This was a constant feature in the 1990s and the Indian Army resorted to air attacks in a bid to stop infiltration into the unpolished. It was claimed by India that the infiltrators were backed up by the Pakistani soldiers patrolling the borders. As the air raids to curb the influx heated up, Pakistan troops retaliated. The half mask effect continued and this gave rise to the Kargil War in 1999. Constant shelling and airstrikes was a constant feature of the war. According to a Red Cross deal at least 30,00011were rendered homeless and they sought refuge in the Pakistani side of the Line of Control. Like the other two battles mentioned in front, this too came to an end after an intervention by a third party. Paki stan and India both celebrated their victory in the war but the volatility in the region was never erased. As fallout of the insignificance of the war, the Prime Minister of Pakistan had to pave way for General Musharraf who watch outmingly focused on economic and social issues.Issue of the disputesThe Kashmir conflict presents a very diabolical situation owing to the myriad opinions held by the two stakeholders on either side of the border. some(prenominal) the sides have been steadfast in holding on to their whims and this has been the most undecomposed issue. While numerous arrangements have been organized to tackle the issue, the unwillingness of both the parties has not allowed these talks to proceed in a supportive direction. It is also noticeable that there has been a shift in the viewpoints when it comes to taking possession of Kashmir. A look into the perspectives of both the countries so that our understanding of the problem becomes clearer.a. The Pakistanis competiti onPakistan has always considered itself to be the deprived party when it comes to having a stake in Kashmir. In the earlier stages of the struggle, that is, the period just after 1947, Pakistan was over inclined to make Kashmir a part of it because of the higher percentage of Muslims in the region. So when India occupied the region, it was a feeling of deprivation for Pakistan. In retaliation to it, the Army tried to grab Kashmir but did not succeed. Pakistan has very often resorted to cataclysmic religious violence12in a bid to destabilize the region and win the sympathy of the Kashmiris. This was not the case in the earlier stage when fundamentalism with respect to religion was not tapped to secure Kashmir. During the early stages of the conflict, the Army was the face of Pakistan and it did not budge in unveil its intentions to claim Kashmir. However the brazen steps taken by the Army drew the wrath of international players and so it resorted to hardliners so that a proxy war c ould be fought. This can be proven from the fact that the number of infiltrations increasing in the period concerned. One would raise ones eyebrow considering the fact these people managed to cross the border with relative ease and without any sort of hindrance from the Pakistani side.Pakistan has always supported the UN Security Council resolutions that envisaged the Kashmiri people determining in a plebiscite13as opposed to the command over the region by the Indian Union. The recent statement by the president of Pakistan clearly demonstrates the fact that Pakistan is eager to see a Kashmir which is free from the clout of India. Zardari remarked that Pakistan will continue to support the right of the people of Jammu Kashmir to peacefully choose their destiny in accordance with the UN Security Councils long-standing resolutions on this matter.14India on the other hand has been able to ward off international pressure in spite of depriving the people of Kashmir a plebiscite rule. Thi s has been the main concern for Pakistan because it would have preferred a neutral player controlling Kashmir instead of India. Occasionally, the Pakistani contingent has vented their war by making inroads into Kashmir through the coercive path. Pakistan has time and again improved its military might with the help of countries like China and Iran and when it felt that it could capture Kashmir, it instigated a war.Pakistan has also maintained s firm base in the Line of Control in the form of terrorist groups. Pakistan is now endeavoring to spread the cult of militancy and terrorism in new areas south of the Pir Panjal range in the Jammu region.15In this way Pakistan believes that the people of Kashmir would develop a deep sense of animosity towards India and enhance Pakistans propaganda of destabilizing the zone. One can even claim that Pakistan has been effective in this front as there have been numerous incidents involving tensions between Kashmir pundits and the majority Muslim po pulation. The area covered by Azad Kashmir has been the nurturing ground for numerous fundamentalist groups that is to say Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammad.16Pakistan believes that it is their right to fight a battle in the name of religion and to claim Kashmir. Though this perspective is not blatantly endorsed, there has been generous proof to validate this claim. Leaders of militant groups such as Lakhvi and Hafeez Saeed have found safe havens in Pakistan and all attempts to extradite them have failed.b. Indias ArgumentIndia has always claimed to be the rightful rulers of Kashmir. It does not acknowledge the UNs opinion of considering Kashmir as a disputed region. Additionally India has meted out special treatment to the region by kerb most of the democratic rights. While India is a democratic region, Kashmir has a military rule. Only late has the legitimacy of the plebiscite rule been felt. The three wars fought with Pakistan have made the country wary of Pakistans intent ion so it feels justified to ramp up the military operations in the region. Unfortunately the Army and the implementation of Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) have given rise to controversies pertaining to human rights. Other moves included detaining suspected terrorists under Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, TADA (a controversial Act passed solely for this purpose), clamping excitement in the form of curfews, stand to house searches and indiscriminate interrogation of the natives.17Through stringent rules India intends to keep the motif elements in check but on paper India establishes Kashmir as a democratic state with all the privileges of an autonomous state in the Indian Union.Kashmir is also of prime significance as it is the boiling point for the countries surrounding it. So by gaining extra mileage in any form India wants to exert its presence in the region. India considers such momentum important in order to curb the deep approval between Pa kistan and China against it. The wars in 1960s and the late 1990s were in the main initiated once Pakistan believed that it has the military prowess to defeat India. This confidence did not generate internally. The support extended by the US and China helped Pakistan improve its arsenal. So by maintain a firm base in Kashmir, India believes that it can negate the attacks perpetrated by Pakistan.Recent events show that the dispute over Kashmir has been taken to a new level after the increase in the number of infiltrators. India has been a victim of many terrorist activities in the past and the trace of the miscreants trailed up to the terrorist organizations in Kashmir and Pakistan. So India believes that unless it ramps up its military activities in Kashmir and the borders surrounding it the influx of such infiltrants would be in the ascendancy. As a result, the late 1980s witnessed a number of measures that was aimed at stopping the inflow. All men above the age of eighteen were i ssued identity cards and paramilitary force patrols were stepped up in the region.18In spite of these measures and the increased surveillance across the borders, India has been a victim to the infiltrators who were responsible for carrying out blasts across cities and for carrying out the 26/11 Mumbai bloody drama, which involved attacks in as many as 11 places in the city that left 183 people, including 22 foreigners, dead.19Facets of dissension Resolution there has been smorgasbord in opinions when commentators narrate the current situation in Kashmir. While most are optimistic in their assessment there are many who still believe (especially separatists occupying Kashmir) that there no hope for Kashmir in the near future. This can be remarked from the increased activism by separatist groups. Even ordinary citizens from either side of the border perceive each other as threats. The era from 1947 to 2000 was unproductive as there were no resolute measures in resolving the stalemat e. However check to the first school of thought there is a silver lining that seems to have appeared in this century.In the new century, changing trends in all field of knowledge and the emphasis of people-to-people contact has become important for promoting mutual understanding between India and Pakistan.20It is fortunate that both the cultures are similar and this could be a basis for a friendly relationship. Both the countries have nuclear capabilities and this has decreased the possibility of a full scale war. Recently there have been talks that have promoted trade between the two nations. India was never in the most favored list of countries for trade with a very narrow positive list of 786 goods.21Pakistan has recently considered Indias case and one could soon see a transition in which bilateral trade is conducted between the two countries and this can be a gas pedal in the peace talks between the two nations. Kashmir would also be an important region as it could intermediat e the high volumes of trade that would ensue once the barriers to trade open up.On the flip side there has been numerous instances in which the talks to promote peace have failed miserably. The failed talks have been a major bottleneck in the way ahead because once such an event occurs there is a period of sustained inactivity in which both the parties refuse to cooperate in the peace dialogues. Most talks seem to revolve around Kashmir, border disputes and water sharing agreement. Unfortunately most issues remain un batd for a very long time. Pakistans association with China also raises eyebrows in India and this could be a deterrent in the way ahead. India has never accepted China to be a super power in the subcontinent and there have been occasions of territorial dispute between India and China.22This has been a critical causal factor in the interrelationship between India, Pakistan and China.The formation of a separatist group has added to the woes of Pakistan and India by addi ng another dimension to the Kashmir issue. The separatist groups have also started being straight-from-the-shoulder in demanding greater control through ideological leanings, political strategies, and goals23and have therefore started participating in the political agenda of Kashmir. Pakistan have always sibyllic these groups probably to avenge the 1971 episode in which India supported the creation of Bangladesh which was then a part of Pakistan. The separatists have deep animosity towards the Indian government and they are ruthless in displaying their discontent towards people who favor India.While the challenges that the stakeholders face is mottled, all the parties (India, Pakistan, Separatist and even China) should look to bring peace in the region. There can be numerous ways of coming out of the quagmire but it will require concerted efforts from every party and at the same time each player should be willing to be more open minded in accepting the credibility of the other par ty.Resolving the Kashmir DisputeThe first step would be to demarcate the boundaries of Kashmir in a manner such that all the parties agree to it. It should be noted that the people of Kashmir should have their consensus before any line is drawn. Moreover history has proven that the Line of Control is a very volatile territory and very often the army of one country has a tendency to encroach upon foreign territory. It is therefore advisable that both the countries retract their army to a distance that is of considerable length. Involving a third party in the dispute has rarely paid off but the two countries could have a third party to monitor the activity at the borders. No third party would be willing to provide such support unless the financial assistance is provided by India and Pakistan. This will obviously be a costly affair but it will reconcile the two troops within safe distance from each other. While this is done, the Kashmir people can have their say in deciding their fate. Mere division of territories also presents numerous problems. Kashmir is home to various religious sects and this aspect of it has to be respected while move along the lines of a division. It is highly improbable for the Hindu dominated region to accept Pakistan while the Buddhist contingent have always opposed the intellect of a separate state.24Therefore when a divide is created based on vote structure, the people who will be the minority may face serious threats from the majority population. They would want to reside in a place where they find safety in numbers and the immigration of minority population may not be a smooth process as witnessed in 1947 after the partition took place. The nuclearization of India and Pakistan is thus an extraordinary moment in the narrative of Partition both its telos, in that it confirms the national jingoism and the bloodthirsty hatreds that propelled the mass slayings and movements of population in 1947.25Therefore even if Kashmir was to be div ided based on religious inclinations, both India and Pakistan must provide a safe environment for the minority groups.It is the responsibility of the governments on either side to include people in the administrative processes. Both should give more liberty, not merely by granting elections but also by rolling back restrictions on business, terminating governmental monopolies in trade and commerce, and encourage international investment bodies such as the World deposit and the Asian Development Bank.26This is one area where both the countries have failed miserably. Preoccupying the Kashmir people with trade and commerce could have at least reduced dissatisfaction from the indigenous masses. 80% of the people depend on agriculture while the mineral rich state has not been fully exploited for commercial production.27Kashmir is also a very scenic place and has the scope for exploiting the tourism industry that has the potential to provide job opportunities to a lot many Kashmiris. Th e other facet of facilitating trade and commerce is that Kashmir will be integrated with their respective Unions. It will also provide scope for growing infrastructure like schools, roads and hospitals. With quality education and prosperous job opportunities, hardline groups will not be able to lure the youth into committing radical activities. While sections of the society have been able to lead a life of opulence there are many who have been deprived of basic necessities.28It was primarily the children of the latter section of the society who had been hoodwinked into pursuing radical activities. Extensive infrastructure coupled with quality education could be a way of appeasing the unrest among youth who rarely have anything to do.While control over Kashmir has been the contentious issue for India and Pakistan, both the countries have failed to resolve issues to sharing of water bodies. Even if the territories were to be demarcated aptly in order to suit the likings of the local masses, Kashmir presents another problem that is very significant. The Kashmir imbroglio has always been looked upon as a territorial dispute and water sharing have been given little thought to water sharing treaties. Both have so far managed to uphold a World Bank-mediated Indus irrigate Treaty (IWT) that provides mechanisms for resolving disputes over water sharing.29One cannot rely on the Treaty being a resolute stance taken by both the countries and any form of water scarcity in any country could lead to non-conformant of the agreement. Hostilities over water sharing between India and its more benevolent inhabit Bangladesh has already started and one can only expect the same relationship between India and Pakistan if any scarcity arises. The Indus Water Treaty (1960)30that was intermediated by the World Bank has been able to keep both the parties at ease and the issue has not been the mooting point when peace dialogues have taken place. However one should realize the fact that the situation is still volatile. Over the years the issues concerning India and Pakistan have been Kashmir, insurgency, trade etc. Once these issues get resolved it is very likely that the issues related to water sharing may crop up and give rise to hostility between the two nations. As there is a rapid growth in urbanization there is a scarcity of potable water. Waterlogging, salinity, groundwater depletion and irrigation inefficiency continue to threaten agricultural production31and the Indus Water Treaty should be strong enough to be insulated from these phenomenon. It is also high time that the two countries looked at each other for support rather than going to international agencies. Both the countries have developed significantly over the years and they have sufficient resources to assess their situation better. Relying on the World Bank implies distrust towards each other and a sense of incapability to solve critical issues.Finally both the countries should not resort to an y means that destabilizes the region. On the Pakistani side there is the Inter-Services Intelligence that is accused of training militants not only in Kashmir but also in regions bounding Afghanistan. People holding responsible positions in Pakistans administration along with many retired personnel have hinted on the relationship between the Inter-Services Intelligence and the militant groups.32On the Indian side there is the Research and Analysis Wing that is accused of spying into Pakistan and involving in secret activities. Throughout the Soviet/Afghan War the Research and Analysis Wing was responsible for the planning and execution of terrorist activities in Pakistan to deter Pakistan from support of Afghan ignition movement against Indias ally, the Soviet Union.33Both sides accuse each other for facilitating bombing activities and resorting to means that destabilizes the region. This should be stopped immediately if both countries want to look at a brighter future. Sponsoring terrorism can have a retaliatory effect as illustrated by the Al-Qaeda Pakistan relation today. While Pakistan maintained a cordial relationship with the outfit, the 9/11 episode mandated Pakistan to take steps that would destabilize the group. Pakistan still faces a difficult choice whether to support the group in order to take advantage of state sponsored terrorism or to completely eradicate the presence of these fundamentalist group from Pakistani soil.The Kashmir conflict has become more heterogeneous since its inception and requires a thorough analysis of the issue in order to come to any definite solution. Moreover it is cannot be tackled by a one dimens

Extracting DNA from Fruit in Various Stages of Ripeness

Extracting deoxyribonucleic acid from Fruit in Various Stages of RipenessINTRODUCTION This life science based essay exit attempt strawberries in their various stages of salutaryness, in order to see which stage allow for make up the to the highest degree removable DNA. An descent kit leave alone be knowing from common household items, such as salt and detergent, in order to purify the DNA so that it is visible to the naked eye and can be weighed. Three degrees of strawberry will be demonstrateed strawberries that have not fully undecomposedned yet, show by their firm bodies that ar still a mixture of green and red strawberries that have ripened fully, identified by their firm-but-not-hard bodies and bright red color and strawberries that are everyplacely ripe, which can be identified by their mushy and easily bruised bodies, as well as their dark red color.PROBLEM STATEMENT Which degree of strawberry ripeness will pay up the just about extractable DNA under ripe, ripe, or over ripe? compend OF PROJECT PLAN First, the 1/2 teaspoon of salt, 1/3 loving cup of body of water, and 1 tablespoon of detergent needed for the DNA extraction fluent will be mixed and set aside. Three strawberries of the offset stage of ripeness will be placed into a plastic floor and mashed into a pulp. Three tablespoons of the extraction liquid will be added to the bag and mix via the kindred mashing process. The strawberry mixture will and then be poured into a nylon-covered funnel set over a small glass, until the liquid and pulp have been bring outd. One teaspoon of the strawberry mixtures liquid will then be poured into a test render. 5 ml of chilled rubbing alcohol will be poured into the test thermionic vacuum thermionic valve after, so that it forms a layer atop the strawberry liquid. A evenfalllet of mordant dye will be added to the mix, so that it settles on the DNA amidst the layers and dyes it blue, do it easier to identify the DNA. The blue D NA will then be mea sured using milliliter markings on the test piping, and recorded.RELEVENCE Deoxyribonucleic Acid better known as DNA is a set of instructions that can be found in the cells of every living thing. The con of all DNA is very authorised. Without it, secernate medical discoveries that save countless lives every day would not be made. Using DNA, we are able to discover diseases a baby could inherit from its parents in the beginning birth, to detect whether a suspect is guilty or innocent, and to find chromosomal defects in patients with Downs Syndrome.The ruminate of strawberry DNA specifically is also important, and can be employ to several real world scenarios. For instance, scientists are able to isolate come outicular proteins and chemicals that have been ru more thand to slow the spread of cancer. They are also able to ringer proteins known for turning strawberries red and creating the strawberries flavor.The study of extractable strawberry DNA at vario us stages in maturation can also be applied to real world scenarios. Scientists are able to compare the growing process and maturation of strawberries to that of different fruits. It can also be used to advise consumers of when strawberries are at their peak, so that they are able to get the optimal amount of nutrients out of the fruit.A1. Literature ReviewTwo studies were found that related specifically to this one. The first is an experiment conducted in 2009 by William S. Boyd. The punt is another experiment conducted in 2005 by Kaeleigh Thorp.William S. Boyd Extracting DNA from Fruit in Stages of RipenessSUMMARY The objective behind Boyds experiment was to find out whether ripe fruit would yield more extractable DNA than light-green or overripe. His experiment involved bananas, kiwis, and strawberries. The result was that, in the causal agent of the kiwis and strawberries, ripe fruit did in fact yield more extractable DNA. However, he found that gullible bananas yield more extractable DNA than ripe and overripe. He concluded that, as fruit ripens, the nutrients break down and it begins to decompose, which destroys cells containing extractable DNA.CONNECTION As is the case with this experiment, Boyd wanted to know which stage of ripeness would yield the most DNA.COMPARING AND CONTRASTING Procedures Many of the procedures in Boyds experiment were similar yet different. Instead of putting the fruit in a bag and mashing it with his fingers, the fruit was blended in a food processor. The extraction liquid was chilled sooner of the alcohol. The strawberry mixture was drained through nylon, but it was filtered and before being poured into the test tube instead of being filtered directly into the test tube. A have eyedropper was used to distribute the alcohol instead of pouring the alcohol down the side of the tube (Boyd, 2009).Materials Many of the materials in Boyds experiment were also similar. He used salt, water, and detergent to make his extraction liquid, which are the same materials as the extraction liquid in this study. He used alcohol to bring the DNA fibers together, blue dye to enhance the visibility and measurability of the extracted DNA, and a graduated test tube for criterions. However, in that location were some notable differences. He added pineapple juice to his extraction liquid, and his experiment used bananas and kiwis as well as strawberries, instead of strawberries alone (Boyd, 2009).Kaeleigh A. Thorp Extracting DNA from strawberriesSUMMARY The objective behind Thorps experiment was to determine whether unripe, ripe, or overripe fruit would yield more extractable DNA. Her experiment used primarily strawberries. She hypothesized that ripe strawberries would yield the most extractable DNA, as under-ripe strawberries were not yet fully developed and overripe strawberries were too far into the decomposition process. Her findings supported her hypothesis, as the ripe strawberries did yield more extractable D NA (Thorp, 2007).CONNECTION Thorps experiment had the same objective as this study to find out what stage of ripeness would produce the most extractable DNA in Strawberries (Thorp, 2007).COMPARING AND CONTRASTING Procedures The procedures of Thorps experiment differed very little from this study. She chilled her extraction liquid by sitting it in a bowl of water and ice cubes, where this study did not require the extraction liquid be chilled. She used a blender to mash the fruit, instead of mashing it in a bag using fingers, and added water to it also something this study did not require. Lastly, again instead of using a plastic bag and fingers, she used a glass extraction rod to mix the extraction liquid with the blended strawberries (Thorp, 2007).Materials Thorp used nylon to filer the strawberry mixture, added blue dye to increase visibility and measurability, and used a graduated test tube for measurements, which are all in congruence with this study. However, instead of usi ng salt, water, and detergent to make her own extraction liquid, Thorp used a premade powder Buffer made up of sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, and papain enzyme. She also used a premade Cell Blaster, containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (Thorp, 2007).A2a. Experimental visualize dance steps supplyingPut the rubbing alcohol in a freezer or refrigerator, so that it will be cold enough to use later.Step 1 Extraction LiquidCombine a 1/2 teaspoon of salt, 1/3 cup of water, and 1 tablespoon of detergent in a jar to use as an extraction liquid. compound it well and set it aside.Step 2 Prepare DNA for ExtractionTake 3 strawberries and place it in a plastic bag.Push out all excess air and seal tightly.Mash the strawberry into a pulp by wring the bag with fingers. Do this for 2 minutes.Pour 3 tablespoons of the extraction liquid into the plastic bag.Push out all excess air and seal tightly.Mix the strawberry and extraction liquid by squeezing the bag with fingers. Do this for 1 minute.S tep 3 Separate Liquid from SolidStretch the nylon over the funnel.Place the tube of the funnel into a glass.Pour the strawberry pulp and extraction liquid over the nylon-lined funnel.Let the liquid drip into the glass for 30 seconds, or until the nylon stops dripping.Throw away the nylon and pulp.Step 4 Extract the DNAPour the liquid into the test tube, filling it 1/4th of the way. opine the rubbing alcohol from the freezer.Carefully tilting the test tube, pour the rubbing alcohol so that it runs slowly down the side instead of directly into the strawberry liquid and forms a layer on top of the strawberry liquid.Make sure the alcohol and the strawberry liquid do not mix, as the DNA collects in the midst of the layers.Add one drop of blue dye to the mixture.Take a moment to marvel at the blue gel-like agency (DNA made visible) that forms between the layers.Step 5 Measure Extracted DNAUsing the graduated milliliter lines on the test tube, measure and record the amount of blue gel- like substance.Step 6 buy up ProcessThoroughly clean the cups, jar, test tube and funnel using water and paper towels.Repeat all of the steps with other strawberries, making sure to record the amount of DNA so a comparison can be made.A2b. ReasoningThis method of observational design was chosen because it called for fewer and more readily accessible supplies, and also because it had fewer and uncomplicated steps.The reasoning behind the method of testing this question was that overly complicated steps forgo a higher margin for error. A simpler method provides fewer chances for mistakes to be made. in that respect were several other studies consulted that had methods of testing similar to what is used in this experiment, but there were no other studies that had methods of testing that were the same. The method of testing in this experiment was developed using bits and pieces of other studies.The way this question is being tested is a better way than others because it was developed from bits and pieces of other more complicated studies, making it simpler.A2c. Sequence of EventsThe first step in collecting the data is adding one drop of blue dye to the layers of strawberry mixture and alcohol. The dye will collect between the layers and highlight the extracted DNA sitting in the middle, forming a blue gel-like substance. This gel-like substance will be measured and recorded using the millimeter markings on the graduated test tube.A2d. ToolsMeasuring cupsMeasuring spoonsSmall jarGraduated test tubeFunnelNylonDrinking Glass9 Unripe strawberries9 Ripe strawberries9 Overripe strawberries1/2 teaspoon of salt1/3 cup of water1 tablespoon of detergent9 Resealing plastic bags1 drop of blue dyeA3. VariablesA dependant protean is what the scientist measures, and is the part of the experiment that relies on switch overs made by the independent variable.An independent variable is what the scientist varies, and is the part of the experiment that decides the outcome of the dependant variable.A controlled variable is what the scientist keeps the same, and the part of the experiment that must not change in order to ensure that the results are measurable.DEPENDENT VARIABLE Extracted DNAINDEPENDENT VARIABLE Strawberries in cardinal stages of development under-ripe, ripe, and overripeCONTROLLED VARIABLE The amount of strawberries, the amount of extraction liquid, the amount of alcohol, the amount of blue dye, the test tube and all other equipment.A4. Threat decrement to Internal ValidityThreats to the internal validity of this study have been reduced by the simple testable question, the properly identified variables, the control for outside influences, and the solid experimental procedure.MATURATION The experiment will be started and completed in a single day, and will take a maximum of two hours. That will allow sufficient time for each running game to be conducted carefully and for the utensils to be cleansed while assuring that there will be no tim e for the subjects to change before measurements.REPEATED MEASUREMENTS The experiment will be repeated three times for each type of strawberry, with a new set of materials each time, compare in exactly nine trial runs. Each sample will be disposed of after results are recorded, before the next trial was do none of the samples will be reused, nor will they come into contact with each other.INCONSISTENCE IN INSTRUMENTATION In every trial run, the measurements will be interpreted using the same graduated test tube, glass, jar, and measuring spoons. Every measurement made will be taken in a way indistinguishable to the one before it, so that the outcome of the experiment is not compromised.EXPERIMENTAL MORTALITY The experiment is designed so that it cannot be completed without all of the subjects, nub none of the subjects can drop out or be eliminated without completely derailing the study. This way, the trials will remain the same, and the results will not be compromised.EXPERIMEN TER BIAS The experiment did not involve and could not come to any result that the experimenter would benefit directly from. The experimenter remained objective throughout the study.CONTROLLED VARIABLES There are several controlled variables that limit the factors that could skew the results. The tools for measurement remain the same throughout the trials so that there is no chance of new tools not providing the same results. The amount of strawberries stays the same three per trial so that the amount of extractable DNA is not distorted by one trial having more strawberries than the others. The amount of blue dye remains the same throughout the trials so that a larger amount of dye habit make the results seem bigger than they are.A5. HypothesisI predict that the ripe strawberries will produce more extractable DNA than some(prenominal) the under-ripe strawberries and the overripe strawberries.This prediction is based on observation. The under-ripe strawberry is still underdevelope d and very firm, meaning that it will likely produce less juice when mashed up less juice, less DNA. On the flipside, the overripe strawberry is overdeveloped and in a state of degradation, meaning that the DNA will likely be broken down and harder to extract. The ripe strawberry will produce more juice than the overripe, and will not be as susceptible to bruising and damage as the under-ripe, meaning it will likely produce more extractible DNA.B. Process of Data CollectionThe data was salt away by first adding one drop of blue dye to the layers of strawberry mixture and alcohol in the graduated test tube. The dye gathered between the layers and around the extracted DNA that sat in the middle, so that it appeared to be a blue gel-like substance. This made the extracted DNA easier to see, which in turn made it easier to measure. The DNA was then measured and recorded using the millimeter markings on the graduated test tube.PROCESS OF RECORDING DATATOOLS USED FOR COLLECTION1 drop of blue dyeGraduated test tubeUNIT OF MEASUREMENT USEDMillimeterMETHOD OF RECORDINGUnripeRipeOver-RipeTrial 13/4 ml3 1/4 ml1/2 mlTrial 21/2 ml2 3/4 ml1/4 mlTrial 31 ml3 1/2 ml1/2 mlB1. Appropriate MethodsThe methods described above were the best to conduct the experiment on this testable question because they relied less on scales. In many other studies, the ulterior way of measuring was to take a wooden rod, spool the DNA, and weigh it on a milligram scale. The wooden rod would be previously weighed and subtracted from the encumbrance of the DNA spooled rod (science buddies). With the method used here, the rod is cut out of the picture only the DNA itself is measured. By doing this, we ensure that differently-weighted rods cannot skew the weight of the DNA.The drop of blue dye made it easier to see the extracted DNA. It was important that the DNA be clear so that the measurements were at their utmost accuracy. The graduated test tube made it so the DNA did not have to be spooled o r moved before measuring, which kept the specimens together and limited the chances of losing or damaging the specimens. Millimeters were the hard-nosed unit of measurement, as the amount of extracted DNA is very small.C. ResultsThe unripe strawberries were very firm and still mostly green. They were harder to mash up. The first trial including the unripe strawberries yielded 3/4 ml of extractable DNA. The second trial yielded less with 1/2 ml of extractable DNA. The third trial was the most successful, yielding 1 ml of extractable DNA.The ripe strawberries were softer and bright red all over. They were easier to mash. The first trial including the ripe strawberries yielded 3 1/4 ml of extractable DNA. The second trial yielded less with 2 3/4 ml of extractable DNA. The third trial once again was the most fruitful, yielding 3 1/2 ml.The over-ripe strawberries were very soft, a darker red, and covered in bruises. They were the easiest to mash up. The first trial including the over-rip e strawberries yielded 1/2 ml of extractable DNA. The second trial yielded a mere 1/4 ml of extractable DNA. The third trial produced the same results as the first, with 1/2 ml of extractable DNA.As the graphical record above shows, the ripe strawberries yielded a much larger amount than unripe and over-ripe strawberries. A single parallel is drawn between the unripe and over-ripe strawberries as they both yielded 1/2 ml of extractable DNA in separate trials unripe stretchability 1/2 ml in Trial 2, over-ripe reaching 1/2 ml in trial 1.D. ConclusionThe graph above displays how great the leap in extracted DNA was between the strawberry types. Although the unripe yielded higher results than the over-ripe strawberries in two of the trials (Trials 1 and 3), they both produced a minimal amount of extractable DNA when compared to the ripe strawberries.The unripe strawberries did not do as well because they are not yet mature. They provided less juice when mashed up for the extraction pro cess, which provided fewer strands of DNA.The over-ripe strawberries did the worst because they are on the downgrade of maturation. While they provided bountiful juice for extraction, the DNA strands were destroyed in the process of decay.The ripe strawberries yielded the highest amounts of extractable DNA because they are at the hit the highest point of maturation. They provided the right amount of juice for the extraction process, and because they were at their peak, the DNA strands were intact.D1. Confirmation of HypothesisI predicted that the ripe strawberries would produce more extractable DNA than both the under-ripe strawberries and the over-ripe strawberries. Based on my findings, with the ripe strawberries producing high amounts of extractable DNA where the unripe and over-ripe strawberries produced low amounts, it is evident that the ripe strawberries did yield the most extractable DNA. Therefore, I accept my initial hypothesis.D2. Experimental Design as Key FactorExperim ental design is a key factor in science inquiry because it is the part in which groups are disposed their set treatments. In other words, experimental design is what decides if Group A will get Treatment B and Group C will get Treatment D, or if Group A will get Treatment D and Group C will get Treatment B. Without experimental design, the groups wont be assigned their proper treatments, and a statistical analysis cannot be made.If an experimental design is poorly constructed, it might miss some key components that push the outcome altogether. For instance, if an experimental design lacks a control, nothing remains constant and some variables may not be counted for. Results of the experiment can be inconclusive, and when that happens, the study is rendered invalid.D3. ReplicationReplication is the process of repeating the steps of a procedure, so that an experiment can be duplicated again and again with the same results.Replication is important because there is always the possibil ity that results in a study have been skewed, or an experiment has been conducted wrong. Repeating the process and including several trials provides a way to sustain that results are correct and to procure an average when averages are called for.This study is replicable because the instructions are clear and precise so that replication of the experiment as a whole is made easy, and the supplies needed are easy to find and easy to use.D3a. Evaluation of ValidityValidity is important in science experiments because it proves the experiment was through with(p) correctly and the results were recorded accurately. Having a strong sense of validity means that the variables were measured reliably and strong causal links between the variables were found.REPLICATION This study is replicable in that there were three trials to each study. To confirm which one yielded more DNA than the rest, each type of strawberry was tested in three separate trials that way there were nine collective results each to consider instead of three.This study uses that replication to prove its analysis of the data.RELIABILITY This study is reliable thank to that use of replication. Each type of strawberry was tested in three separate trials three for unripe, three for ripe, three for over-ripe to make sure the results were constant instead of a onetime occurrence. The results remained the in the same vicinity throughout the trials, proving that they are reliable.EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The experimental design remains valid thanks to its simplicity. There was very little margin for error, and so repeating each trial using the same methods and measurements was quite simple.FUTURE QUESTIONS AND STUDIES Future studies might be grow to use more than just strawberries. For example, one such study could compare ripe bananas to ripe strawberries, or ripe strawberries to ripe kiwis. Other studies might not involve strawberries at all, but replicate this study with a different fruit. For instance, would the results be the same with other fruits? Would ripe bananas yield more extracted DNA than unripe or overripe bananas?

The Problem Of The Water Conflict Politics Essay

The Problem Of The Water Conflict Politics EssayWater conflict is not a new issue, moreover it is an old puzzle in the life of kingdoms, given the importance of water system in scotch stability, growth and development. And the so c on the wholeed Fertile Crescent, which its bring in is inferred from the Middle tocopherol region which is a base for agriculture and water, making it a center where civilizations have arose, thus making it a region for conflicts for millenniums.The factors touch on the nature of water consumption as a result of indiscriminate and misuse of the water reserves entrust push the countrys in the Middle eastern or so to secure the urgent need of water with any of the available means and at any price. Therefore Water will constitute the single sancti geniusd conflict in the region during the foreseeable future.Since the Palestinian Nakba in 1948 and the previous events, and since the decision to partition Palestine, the Zionist danger exists. The da nger extends to the whole Middle East region, and this risk is taking dimensions in multiple forms. Israel have used the pre text keep of historical rights of the promise land and the rights of security, thus using it as an excuse for occupancy and other intimidation, all to cover the Israeli hegemony over the region and the exploitation and plundering of its resources, specially water.However, the most important is Israel ambitions in Lebanon, ranging from Israel claim that Lebanon is religiously, historically, strategically, economically, and water resources name word to the Jewish hegemony in the region dating back to the days of the Old Testament. The most heartbreaking among them is the ambitions of the Lebanese water. I will explore the risks and Zionist ambitions in Lebanese water in four sections historical ambitions of water, the military ambitions of water, the water law, and political risks.Historical Ambitions of waterThe Zionist image for a national mother country for Jews in Palestine and its neighbors was based on the consideration that the best border is the unmatched that fulfills the following factors, strategic, economic, historical, and water resources, which the current so called state of Israel is claiming and what the Zionist state desired since the 1948 occupation of Palestine. When we review this we will find the notes cascading since the end of World War I in 1919 the Zionist memorandum on the Lebanese amniotic fluid contained a litter of references and proposals for the domination and hegemony over these waters, Mount Hermon is the father of water in Palestine, and can not be separated without beness a serious blow to the roots of economic life in particular. And Mount Hermon not only need reforestation, but also needs other work to break down eligible to be a water tank of the country. Therefore it must be subject entirely to the control of those who are passionate and have difficult sufficient capacity to exploit its potential until the maximum. There also must be an external agreement defend whereby water rights of the people who live southern of the Litany River are fully protected.(1)These ambitions were not concealed by Zionists, especially the proposals, studies and lying-ins carried out by the Zionist movement publicly. The Zionist movement brought in 1938 American nice Walter Clay Lowdermilk to Palestine to study conditions of the water, he took the job and published recommendations in the book Palestine Promised Land in 1944 and summarized water diversion of the Jordan River in the hurrying basin to the natural coastal region of Palestine, and ravishring it to the Negev region and to seize the waters of the Hasbani River, Banias River, Litany River, in addition to the Aldan River which flows in Palestine.He also concluded that Zionist should focalisation their projects on Lebanon and told Zionist Commission to work on plans for the transfer of water from the Litany River he develo ped the first plan in 1943 and then followed by other in 1948. At the meetings of the International Conciliation in 1949 delegates raised the issue of Israels rights to the Litany River, which made the Committee recommend an investment of seven eighths of the Litany River water to Israel, since they claimed that the Litany River water was being wasted in the Mediterranean.During the Cotton Project of 1954, a project placed by Israel in response to the Eric Johnston proposal which concluded to the investment of the Jordan River amongst Arab countries and Israel. Israel introduced into this project what it called a surplus of the Litany, as it was determined that Israel would pop out 1290 million cubic meters of water, compared to 750 million cubic meters for Lebanon and the fact that, if the Cotton Project applied, Lebanon will only bring on 301 million cubic meters because the true estimates of Litany River were less than the accounts of Cotton Project.So the Litany River projec t was Lebanons response to the practically that the waters of the river can be invested all in Lebanon, without being wasted to the sea. This project needed to be completed because of its strategic importance and security.You will not find any Israeli official that did not emit a deep regret for the loss of the Lebanese water from their hands and through the statements of many Israeli officials among them was what Moshe Sharett said, it was a huge mistake that we committed that we did not include the Litany water and what Levy Eshkol said, that Israel was divided three times the first time when the Hasbani and Banias rivers were left outside its grease. (3)It is the context of these statements that prove that Zionist were able to get what they want in the world without taking into account the interests of the countries concerned, but the reality on the other hand that the Zionist movement tried its best to get southern Lebanon including land and water since the end of the First World War but the french stubbornness and crush on its own interests as well, celebrateed them from achieving this goal.It is deserving mentioning that it was not over at this partial failure, and the doors did not close at Israeli ambitions, Shimon Peres in his book New Middle East, historied to running water and the number of reasons for the lack of water, a natural phenomena, increase in population, exploitation of nature, and wrong policies, he concluded that the solution is to set up a regional system for the management of water development projects and for distribution on the basis of economic with an h whizzst and fair manner.This means that those who have water to share with others therefore, Lebanon should generate a part of its water for the benefit of Israel as the equitable distribution imposes a sharing, according to the need rather than equal sharing, and distribution on an economic base also means the cost for transporting the water, therefore Lebanon waters is closest to the Palestine and the least expensive.Military ambitions of waterIsrael has waged wars on the surrounding countries and those wars were a imperishable attempt to impose its presence and existence in this region. And Israel characterized its operations toward Lebanon as what Israel described as a Lebanon flagellum to the Israeli existence, but the real goals go beyond that.In 1978 Israel invaded parts of southern Lebanon under the code name Operation Litany, Israel halted the invasion quickly not because of the Israel desire but because of the Egyptian Israeli peace talks, which pushed America to give importance to these talks instead of the usual Israeli interest. It was this invasion that created a buffer z unmatched for Israel in Lebanon and the establishment of a small state allure by Saad Haddad, and thus Israel took control of parts of the Lebanese territory and nearly fifty kilometers of the Litany River. Then came the full invasion of 1982 and one of the strateg ic goals for this invasion was Lebanons water, Israels buffer zone stayed until its collapse at the hands of al-Jihad in May 2000 and this period was long enough and sufficient to the transfer of water from the Litany, Hasbani and Wazzani rivers and deprived the occupied villages on those rivers that benefited from them for irrigation and drinking.in 1986 Israel began fencing several(prenominal) hectares of Lebanese territory near the Wazzani spring, and expulsing Lebanese farmers, they built roads, canals, and installed pumps to draw water and dragged it through the canals under the slogans of irrigating the Arkob area, while in reality water was being transferred to Israel, which Almanar TV showed just recently in a one hour documentary. In 1989, Israel prolonged water pipes from Al-Ain spring which feeds the Hasbani and Wazzani rivers, so the waters of Wazzani and Hasbani were fully exploited.Professor Thomas Naff an expert on water in the Middle East said in June 1990 during a scientific conference in Washington that Israel will not give up these territories that they occupied without obtaining the guarantees to provide them with access to water from other sources in the area, mostly from the Litany River, and Lake Tabarya. He also predicted that the water in the end will decide the future of the occupied territories, which is decided by the question of war or peace.It is no secret that the theft of water by Israel was clear since 1983, Israel is still stealing water interests of Mount Amyl, the infringements on the water was clear during the occupation and move thereafter in other places. No one have the accurate numbers to the amount that is stolen. A conference organized by the Center for Lebanese Studies at Oxford University in 1991, discussed the issue but the numbers re master(prenominal)ed suspended or buried like the head of ostrich in the sand. Israel, with the continued construction of deep wells on the edge of the border with Lebanon, is drain ing the groundwater that floats under the Marjayoun area, the quantity of water pumped will lead to great reductions in the Lebanese tube water supply.Ambitions of water legallyI have highlighted the Zionist memorandum to the peace conference in Paris in 1919, the Zionist ambitions was the slogan at bottom the Jewish borders the Zionist movement had hoped that the parties would recognize the historic right of the Jewish people in Palestine and hoped it would be the first step, which lead by the pose of negotiations to draw the border between the British and the French occupied territories, in which it lead to the crowd called Border Agreement and was signed at the end of 1920. If one was looking at the correspondence and official talks that took place between 1918 and 1920 one would have discovered that in what was published that the issue a precedency is the subject of water. Proving that the Zionists only priority was water, they called to control the waters of the Litany and Jordan Rivers.The Israeli ambitions may be suppressed by outside(a) laws sometimes, and positions of power through Lebanon and the resistance of Hezbollah at other times. This does prove that greed is not in doubt or debate, but it must be pointed out. What was left unresolved from the ambitions in the texts of the convention on the Border Agreement, this agreement is still in force between Lebanon and Israel, and thus there is still an argument that Israel can demand their rights if they wanted them. earlier to the signing of the Border Agreement, the Zionists insisted on the inclusion of southern Lebanon and all that for the Litany River control, and a letter written by Weizmann to the Zionist British foreign secretary Curzon in 1920. Before the signing of the Border Agreement,I thought of the letter your Excellency sent, if at all, I probably I had not explained adequately the impossibility of protecting our rights, the use of water from the upper Jordan and Yarmouk through an y measure, does not take into account the inclusion of these waters within the territorial limits of Palestine. This does include utilization engineering work to be comprehensive, but also the butt on of a forestation on a large scale. And it is impossible to have any pace of development for our security, natural, and process from an economic standpoint, were not areas where the works are located under the existing power in Palestine. And I am sure that you are aware of the dominant importance of the Litany for Palestine. Even if you consider the Jordan River, all of it and Yarmouk in Palestine, water in both rivers, not enough for our needs the summer in Palestine is very(prenominal) dry, and evaporation is fast and heavy. The irrigation of the Upper Galilee and the power required even to economic life is limited and must be available from Litany. Experts agree that the Litany has the advantage of copiousness of water But if Palestine was separated from the Litany River and the upper Jordan and Yarmouk, this is not to say anything about the eastern shore of the Galilee, Israel can not be economically nonparasitic (5)Britain could not respond to the Israeli demand, especially as France had a position, France did not give up the border drawn by the Sykes Picot agreement until long negotiations which lead to an amendment to waive the north of Palestine including Safad, Lake Hula and other territories, but France rejected the use of Lebanese water as put forward by the Zionist projects.Experts meet to work together to study the use of waters of the Jordan and Yarmouk rivers and their tributaries for irrigation and power generation, after meeting the needs of the areas under the French mandate.This proves to us from the above text and speech compared with the Weizmann demands, that the Zionist movement has gained what it bargained for with the exception of the Litany River, but the issue of water use and forestry all experts had agreed, but with slight modifi cation, it did not mention the identity of the experts or the words Zionist experts or engineering project Zion, this shows that the reality and the nature of the British Mandate and the adoption of the draft of the Jewish state regardless who Britain appoints whether a committee of experts from the members of the Zionists or Jews from the Zionists or Englishmen the result is the same.Thus, it has been agreed between British and the French to move ahead with production of electrical energy from any waters of the Jordan, Yarmouk and Hasbani and their tributaries where it was under control of the French mandate, and that for the benefit of Palestine from the excess water. And in another form the excess of water does not only go to Lake Hula, but it has become by virtue of Article VIII of the Convention a legitimate right of the Government of Palestine which later became Israel to take advantage of all that can be called the Lebanese water surplus.Legally, there have been amendments to this Convention under the Mandate, but did not change Article VIII. Lebanon has inherited international conventions and agreements from the French mandate namely, Boundary Agreement and Lebanon did not submit any amendment to overturn the agreement Israel could still demand the application of Article VIII, as it pleases. It should be noted that Lebanon has been devoted to cross border agreement, the Armistice Agreement signed with Israel in 1949, by the first paragraph of Article V which states following the Armistice mental strain international border between Lebanon and Palestine. The question of neglect or ostrich policy or opacity of the Border Agreement, it may be a political issue but also an issue at the heart of the nation by not dealing with this article or commenting and even ignoring it entirely is a matter strange reprehensible because it is sensitive and dangerous to Lebanon on the national level and security.The Border Agreement after signing was not to the level asp ired by Zionism as the Convention did not include the Lebanese territory and the Litany River, but the Zionist joy was great to Article VIII in particular, which had a jazzy expressive joy of triumph, regardless of their hopes for swallowing the Litany land and water, but the right to exploit Lebanons water surplus considered in itself a major achievement. It is the latest writings which dealt with this point, the book which was released in 1994 by American Professor ten Garfinkle, entitled War, Water, and Negotiation in the Middle East The Case of the Palestine Syria Border, 1916-23 the book explained that the Zionist did not give up on convincing France to give up the Litany land and water, he also concludes that Zionist work to earn the surplus of Lebanese water, is considered a victory.To avoid this potential danger it is essential for lawyers to address an in depth study of the convention of the Border Agreement so it does not become a sword hanging over Lebanon, at this time Lebanon is still resisting in Sheba farms, Gagar village, and the water of the Hasbani and Wazzani. At this time Lebanese government should move to the process of mobilizing the nation into making use of Lebanese waters and take advantage of them completely and in an optimal way, including groundwater and rivers by move to the proposals and integrated projects, like the Litany project and to variant dams. An expert Ibrahim Abdel-Al is known for his famous Report of Abdel-Al 1952, which says Lebanons gift is the Litany and Lebanon can not be saved until an overall design of the Lebanese water sources a lot of Lebanese are aware of this danger, as well as the importance of making use of water in the integrated projects for Lebanon and to prevent the Zionist dangers.At the level of international law, with regard to rivers water according to the International Law show, which states sovereignty of the National Rivers are rivers that flow in the territory of one state and are subject to its sovereignty. Its followed by that the right of the State to exploit its natural resources and powers at its discretion.As for the international rivers, rivers which are respectively, in different regions or between the territories of two or more countries, follow the provisions of international law and the rules known as rules of HelsinkiThe International Law Association in 1966 is the one being applied so far, which states that the state where the river passes have part of the river, located between the borders. Accordingly, the State could exercise on the part located in the territory all acts of public authority and its exploitation in various aspects of agricultural, industrial, financial, and subject to similar rights to other countries that share the river, and not doing any work that could undermine these rights and the most important the principle of distributive justice, to refrain from undertaking projects that would harm or prejudice to the rights of others, and th e principle of adequate respect for acquired rights of all the beneficiary countries, based on the actual needs of each of them to the international waters of the river, and the principle of payment of appropriate compensation in case of harm to the rights of any third political party states and other recipients. As I pointed earlier to the Turkish Syrian water conflict and Egypt Eritrea water conflictFrom these provisions one could easily conclude several thingsFirst, Israel has no right to any waters of the Litany River as it is located within the Lebanese border meaning its not an international river. in spite of international conferences, multilateral and specialized agencies on water that began in 1992 after the launch of the Madrid talks, new theories to explain the river basins have been put forward in these conferences, including the scheme of the basin complex, which includes several sectors of life, environmental affairs or economic sectors, there is no doubt if this the ory is approved it will constitute a threat to what is considered internal rivers within a single state, as it gives rights to neighboring countries to take advantage of the water of the rivers. Despite what has been proven that the Litany River have nothing to do with metro water of other rivers, but some of the laws proposed, in the event of approval will be affecting the waters of the Litany. It is worth mentioning that the latest studies that constitute a real threat to Arab water is that of the study was conducted for a period of two continuous years from 1994 till 1995 by Israeli scientists, headed by economists from Harvard University and Mass. Institute of Technology, which was essentially based on the separation between the ownership of water and the use of water, so water ownership is of no importance.Secondly, with regard to the standing problem of Wazzani and Hasbani rivers which international law applies to them as they stem and hold on Lebanese territory up to the no rth of Palestine, the Helsinki Rules on the right to exploitation within the bases of the international norms, and Lebanon has the right in the exploitation without being a damaging partner to any other State which these rivers flow in, and it can be argued what Israel claims and especially the rights of Lebanese Wazzani water up to about 50 million cubic meters, while Lebanon needs to implement projects to irrigate some of the villages, while Israel is taking away more then 150 million cubic meters. Lebanon should also benefit from the spring in particular, and secondly from its course and that the proportion of Lebanons right to have approximately one third, as there is no bilateral agreement between the two countries to organize this benefit, and Lebanon is losing its share of the water which is a violation of international law.Third, by returning to law and international norms, the attack on the Lebanese waters and piracy, and the continuing Israeli plundering of Lebanese waters from the rivers Wazzani and Hasbani, which perhaps been going on for tens of years, is a breach of international law, they are attacking the rights of Lebanon, and Lebanon only practitioner of his right to water, it is possible to resort to international arbitration as the best way to conserve Lebanons right through the United Nations, as well as its commitment to resistance, and the insistence on preventing any attack on our rights but more than that Israel should be forced to pay for the damage caused to Lebanon and the deprivation of legal and natural right to benefit from the Hasbani and Wazzani water.Political risksThe multiple failures of Israel invasions to the Lebanese territory and the inability to accomplish its missions which it calls the galosh for Galilee and the political objectives as the convention on the Lebanese-Israeli, which took place on May 17, 1983 and the attempt to impose Israeli hegemony through the establishment of a fragile Lebanese system which is sub ject of loyalty to Israel and to be separated from the Arab and peeled off the Arab issues, this agreement was eliminated by the triumphant victory of the resistance and the withdrawal of the Israeli confrontation defeated, which set a precedent as the first Arab land to be freed by force.So the data is representative of which to open the gate to negotiation in the region from topic of water and draw international attention on the other hand from what is happening in Palestine, and resettlement process in the thick of the events that are taking place in the region, whether in Palestine or in the region in general, and Israeli amplified the problem of Wazzani in an attempt to prevent Lebanon to obtain its rights from the Wazzani water , not to protect their right to water, but to cut the road to Lebanon for the benefit of the waters of the Hasbani, which may lead to a suspension of the Wazzani project pending resolution of the conflict with theme or linking to draft a comprehensive solution to the crisis in the Middle East peace process through which the installation of Israeli hegemony over the region.The most important thing Israel wants from Lebanon is to capture the Lebanese water in general and the Litany River especially, which is the reason for instability in the region, which will halt any peace attempts as Lebanon is dyer needs for its water resources, Israel on the other hand sees it as a vital issue for peace with Lebanon. the problem is expanded to intervene in the scope of what is happening in the entire region and have realized how invested for the water rights and economic development. Hence it was the Israeli insistence on negotiations on the water issue before any other subject, and now Israel is trying to benefit from the Wazzani by placing the water as a main point with the disarmament of Hezbollah for negotiations, for the U.S. to move these negotiations forward one could predict a United States intervention in Lebanon under the title war o n terrorism.1 as contained in the happiest Razzouk _ Greater Israel A Study in the expansionist Zionist ideology, (Beirut the Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center, 1968), p. 403.2 Adam Garfinkle, War, Water, and Negotiation in the Middle East The Case of the Palestine-Syrian Border 1916 _ 1923 (Jerusalem Tel Aviv University, 1994) P 126.3 Dr. Statement Noueihed the evolution of the constitutional and political Lebanese 1920 1995 Beirut 19964 Assaad Razzouk Israels major study in the expansionist Zionist ideology, Beirut Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center, 1968.5 Edward Rizk, The River Jordan, New York, Arab Information Center, 1964.6 British Documents on Foreign Affair, Part II, Series B-Vo1.2 (University Publication of America) -.7 The Palestinian issue and the Zionist danger, Beirut Ministry of National Defense the Lebanese army and the Institute for Palestine Studies, 1973.8 the Palestinian issue and the Zionist danger (Beirut Ministry of Nationa l Defense the Lebanese army and the Institute for Palestine Studies, 1973), p. 526.9 The Letters and papers of Chaim Weizmann August 1898-July 1931

Never The Sinner - Production Critique :: essays research papers

This paper is a critique of a production of Never the Sinner, a murder drama scripted by John Logan, which was performed and produced by the Department of Theatre and Dance at E.S. Strother Theatre located on the campus of Ball State University. Director Judy E. Yordon captures the viciousness and brutality of the murder of an innocent, young boy in this dramatic account of a homicide at the hands of two young men who argon intertwined in a dark, sexual relationship. During the murder and trial of the crime of the century the director and cast portray to the audience the sheer violence and torment these two men are willing to affect on another human being for the utter enjoyment of killing another person. This is done by exposing the events of the murder to the audience and and then allowing the audience to conclude the motive of the murder, by means of interpretation using the final prognosis as the keynote in the performance. I found the conclusion scene of the performance to be rather disturbing to say the least.The performers in the production were very suitable for the roles in which they were cast. Dustin Bennett (Nathan Leopold) and Andrew Burt (Richard Loeb) were excellent in their performance and depicted their characters well. Both ideally fit the roles in which they were cast. As for the other five members of the cast they to were well suited in their roles and showed much talent in their king to portray different characters in the same performance. Especially that of Natalie Ellis who portrayed both a girlfriend and a doctor in the play and who easily alter to her changing roles within the scene. The actors knew their lines of dialogue and exactly what they were talking about, which made it easy for the audience to follow along. The actors could clearly be heard and had clear enunciation, expect during the scene of the trial, in which, the police officer was on the stand. This was in part due to the fact that he was seated in an area beside the audience and it was hard to take for out what he was saying because the audience was blocking him from my view. The voice the characters used was appropriate, especially during the trial when the attorneys were speaking and when Germaine Rheinhardt was on the stand. The men were harsh, loud and assertive and Germaine r in her sweet, innocent and naive voice when answering their questions.

tempnature Duality Between Nature and Society in Shakespeares The Tem

Duality Between Nature and Society in The disturbance One of the essential themes of The Tempest is the duality between nature and connection. This is made evident through the character of Caliban the disfigured fish-like creature that inhabits the island upon which the play takes place. Caliban lacks civility because he was born on the island deprived of any social or spiritual morality other than nature and instinct. He is liter tout ensembley man untamed. Caliban is not infatuated simply for the sake of being frightening his ghastly appearance is intended to literally depict the essential differences between civilization and natural instinct. Caliban represents man, instinct, and nature in their rawest forms. Part fish, part man, but not really either because he is to a greater extent mentally sophisticated than a fish, but devoid of any characteristics mainly associated with civilized beings. He displays promise in becoming civilized, but eventually it becomes evident that it is impossible to fully tame a wild animal, which is what Caliban essentially is. Caliban is more of an animal rather than a monster. While he is labeled a monster throughout the play due to his appearance, he is in fact an animal. He is not inherently evil or malicious, but relies on his own instincts and skills that he has learned to adapt to his surrounding and survive. What is vital to survival in society is not necessarily important in nature and vice versa. In nature only the most basic aspects of survival are required. Nature is all about survival, at any cost. Society is not. Civilization was developed out of convenience with the mental and physical skills of man. It h... ...ay. Bibliography Primary Texts William Shakespeare, The Tempest, ed. red hot Kermode, with an introduction by Frank Kermode, (Arden, 1964) Montaigne, Selected Essays of Montaigne, trans. John Florio (1603) ed.Walter Kaiser, with an introduction by Walter Kaiser, (Riverside, 1964) Secondar y Texts Eric Cheyfitz, The Poetics of Imperialism Translation and Colonization from The Tempest to Tarzan, (Oxford University Press, 1991) Jeffrey Knapp, An Empire Nowhere England, America, and Literature from Utopia to The Tempest, (University of California Press, 1992) Gail Kern Paster, Montaigne, Dido and The Tempest How Came that Widow in?,Shakespeare Quarterly, 35, no.3 (1984) Deborah Willis, Shakespeares Tempest and the Discourse of Colonialism, Studies in English Literature 1500-1900, 29, no.2, (1989)