Parliamentary Sovereignty

Question: Assess whether Parliament is sovereign, offering thought to legal force and the impact of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) on the law of England and Wales. Answer: Presentation The Doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty is instilled in the British Constitution; in any case, this is not, at this point supreme as the idea is evolving.[1] Historically, parliamentary power was held most importantly else[2] except for the Doctrine of Implied Repeal as exemplified in Vauxhall Estates v Liverpool Corporation[3] where a future administrative get together couldn't be limited by a sitting one through resolution. Subsequently, it is a coherent supposition that will be that the legal executive can't challenge the sway of parliament as it has boundless administrative forces supplanting the courts.[4] In exercise of their legal forces, courts have evoked incredible talk on the effect of the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) on the parliaments matchless quality. It is, in this manner, essential to assess the development of this convention considering the ideas of legal force and legal audit according to the arrangements of the H RA 1998 and the ECHR. Parliamentary Sovereignty and HRA Act 1998 In principle, legal force is characterized as the authority practiced by an arm of government to hear, decide and make judgements.[5] Judges practice their administrative force when they decipher resolutions with no reference to individuals from parliament.[6] In the UK, segments 2 and 3(1) of the HRA 1998 give the legal executive interpretive forces on Conventional Rights and essential enactment according to these rights. All UK law is dependent upon understanding in a way that is perfect with the 1998 Act.[7] This leaves the ability to implement human rights with the legal executive; an expansion in the courts powers to the detriment of parliament.[8] There is a change of sentiment on the impact of the development of the courts legal forces on parliamentary sway. In R (Jackson) v Attorney General,[9] Lady Hale expressed that by establishing the 1998 Act parliament had constrained its own forces. This is on the grounds that the arrangements of the HRA 1998 give makes a decision about the commitment to outperform ordinary local law while playing out their interpretive duty.[10] It is essential to take note of that the viability of courts relies upon the ability of different arms of government to submit to their decisions.[11] In as much as courts are urged to be progressively radical in their translation, they can just do as such inside the current furthest reaches of law.[12] In re (S) (Care Order: Implementation of Care Plan),[13] the court held that the HRA 1998 expects to secure power and as such the past courts administering had ridiculously surpassed its interpretive command and was rather modifying law under the appearance of interpretation.[14] Courts have the force, under legal audit, to evaluate the activity of other government branches in order to decide their lawfulness and constitutionality.[15]A casualty of a choice, activity or oversight of an open authority can apply to the High Court to give a cure where the authority is found to have acted unlawfully.[16] This force is given under segment 6 of the HRA 1998 that precludes any open authority from executing its command in logical inconsistency to the rights. A body is dependent upon legal survey in regard to its open capacities whether or not it is legal or not.[17] In R v Panel on Takeovers and Mergers[18] a non-legal association was held as helpless to legal audit as it was practicing open capacities. Customarily, the standard for legal survey under the HRA 1998 was the nonsensicalness test set out in the Wednesbury[19] case by Lord Greene where the method of reasoning of choices was tried against the thinking and good remaining of any coherent man.[20] The HRA 199 8 has given courts new powers of legal audit that empower them to challenge the choices and activities of the administration in human rights terms.[21] Parliament choices would now be able to be tested along these lines making a breaking point on parliamentary sovereignty.[22] In request to save this sway, the affirmation of contrariness was made under segment 4 of the 1998 Act to guarantee that where an incongruence emerges parliament despite everything gets the last say on the most proficient method to address it.[23] As represented in the R (Anderson) [24] where the Home Secretarys powers stayed legitimate and in power, regardless of being rendered contrary to the HRA 1998, until another resolution was ordered; revelation of contradiction doesn't discredit rule. Parliamentary Sovereignty and the ECHR At the point when the court at Strasbourg rules for a situation, articles 1 and 46(1) of the ECHR expect that the state being referred to takes the important legitimate activity to guarantee that any issues raised are tended to accordingly.[25] This comprises the degree to which judges can make law under the Convention. The Convention has been deciphered as a living instrument a case which Lord Judge expressed implied that courts could enact on issues which beforehand were under parliaments jurisdiction.[26] He accepted that individuals from parliament ought to have extreme matchless quality over selected appointed authorities of any ward except if they decided to give up such supremacy.[27] concerning their interpretive obligation, Lord Bingham in Ullah v Special Adjudicator[28] summed up the command of residential courts as simply to stay aware of the advancement of law at the worldwide court.[29] This mirror rule has anyway been challenged by Lord Irvine who accepts that UK judges ought not be confined to the absolute minimum prerequisite in pronouncing cases as specified in Ullah[30] however ought to basically break down the cases themselves.[31] Universally, parliamentary matchless quality is tested by the courts intensity of legal survey. The standard for legal audit perfect with the ECHR is that of proportionality.[32] Unlike the unreasonableness test, the onus probandi lies with the official as opposed to the victim.[33] In R (Daly) v Secretary for the Home Department[34] the House of Lords embraced proportionality as the legitimate proportion of survey in human rights cases as it gave a stricter and increasingly clear assessment.[35] According to Dr Pinto-Duschinsky, the extension purview of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has made a law based insufficiency that can be adjusted by presenting a supersede, as is available in the HRA 1998, where the back still lies with parliament.[36] Conventions rights are secured under regular law which is bolstered by the government.[37] However, this doesn't enable parliament to invalidate human rights.[38] The intensity of legal audit is vested in the Strasbourg court to gu arantee equity wins as even fairly chose governments could be blameworthy of the gravest crimes.[39] Abnegation by parliament to cling to the Courts choices on any issues to which it is a gathering would just serve to challenge the UKs worldwide standing.[40] End The HRA 1998 maintains parliamentary sway as it denies UK courts forces to veto statute.[41] The Act contains various arrangements to ensure parliamentary sovereignty[42] the most noteworthy being that parliament despite everything has a state on whether to annul or revise the law which the legal executive prompts as incompatible.[43] However, the standard remaining on Parliamentary Sovereignty has developed because of the extension of forces in the legal arm of government. These extensions serve to check and offset the parliamentary incomparability as for the Doctrine of Separation of Powers. Parliament is, along these lines, sovereign however just to the degree in which its choices are perfect with Conventional and Human Rights. References BBC, European Court of Human Rights Risk to UK Sovereignty BBC News (United Kingdom, 28 December 2013) www.bbc.com/news/uk-legislative issues 25535327 got to 29 August 2016 Bellamy B, Political Constitutionalism and the Human Rights Act (2011) 9 (1) ICON https://icon.oxfordjournals.org/content/9/1/86.full got to 29 August 2016 Draft Voting Eligibility (Prisoners) HL Bill (2013-14) 13 www.publications.parliament.uk/dad/jt201314/jtselect/jtdraftvoting/103/10307.htm got to 29 August 2016 Elliot M, The Three Dimensions of the Relationship between UK Law and the ECHR (Public Law for Everyone, 5 December 2013) https://publiclawforeveryone.com/2013/12/05/the-three-measurements of-the-connection between-uk-law-and-the-echr/got to 29 August 2016 Fenwick H, Phillipson G and Masterman R (eds), Judicial Reasoning under the UK Human Rights Act (CUP 2007) https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=7bQakM9B7TYCprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageqf=false got to 29 August 2016 Gardner C, Lord Irvine: British Judges Should Decide Human Rights Cases for Themselves (Head of Legal, 14 December 2011) www.headoflegal.com/2011/12/14/master irvine-english appointed authorities should-choose human-rights-cases-for-themselves/got to 29 August 2016 Gordon R and Ward T, Judicial Review and the Human Rights Act (Routledge 2013) Horne An and Miller V, Parliamentary Sovereignty and the European Convention on Human Rights ( House of Commons Library, 6 November 2014) https://commonslibraryblog.com/2014/11/06/parliamentary-sway and-the-european-show on-human-rights/got to 29 August 2016 Howard E, Is Parliamentary Sovereignty Now at Threat from the Judiciary? (2014) 1(1) The Undergraduate https://www.theundergraduateexeter.com/2014/03/human-rights-act-1998-parliamentary-sway legal executive/got to 29 August 2016 Kavanagh A, Statutory Interpretation and Human Rights after Anderson: A More Contextual Approach (2004) Public Law 540 Masterman R, The Separation of Powers in the Contemporary Constitution: Judicial Competence and Independence in the UK (CUP 2010) Thomas Raine, Judicial Review Under the Human Rights Act: A Culture of Justification (2013) 1 NELR 90 https://research.ncl.ac.uk/media/destinations/res

English - School Lunches Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English - School Lunches - Research Paper Example As the school ringer rings for lunch, kids race to the container to fill their hungry stomachs. Most schools have a menu from which kids can choose for their lunch. The noon for the children is a period not exclusively to empower themselves yet in addition to sit with their companions and make some great memories. Be that as it may however, there are sure concerns which are going unnoticed by the school specialists. Concerns A great deal of educators have seen a drained arrangement of understudies going to the classes which are led after lunch. The explanation behind tedious understudies has been the food they devour. Most schools however can't give sound food to the understudies. This has been an issue for a large portion of the schools. In many schools, the menu for lunch peruses a rundown of lousy nourishments which isn't right. Taking a gander at the menu, kids have no other alternative yet to expend them. The school specialists should take duties and quit selling low quality nou rishments. One of the fundamental reasons why low quality nourishment ought to be halted is it influences the soundness of the youngsters a great deal. It is the significant explanation behind kid stoutness. To be unfit and fat at a youthful age is a worry. Review has indicated that 32% of the youths are stout. One can acknowledge the way that such food is sold outside to procure cash however it is inadmissible when such food is sold in schools. Due of the absence of new nourishments and solid nourishments, understudies purchase modest shoddy nourishments. Pizzas, pastas, chips, treats and burgers structure the fundamental menu in school snacks. Utilization of these methods a ton of sugar is devoured by the youngsters. School snacks have a significant level of sugar content in them. More advantageous food would imply that the corpulence rate is decreased. Another motivation behind why cafeterias ought not serve low quality nourishment is that it keeps the vitality levels of the kids low. High empowered food will assist the kids with maintaining great concentration and take an interest in sports also. Lunch is the most significant since it falls in the day. Devouring low quality nourishment will extricates all the vitality and diminishes the physical movement. One can't perform to their latent capacity on the off chance that they need more vitality. In one of the schools, kids griped of less endurance while rehearsing soccer. At the point when the mentor examined in their eating routine, he discovered that a large portion of them had a bundle of chips and soft drink before training. He prompted them not to devour seared and greasy nourishments before practicing since it expends the greater part of the vitality from the body. Studies have demonstrated that the most normally food devoured by kids is treats, sweets, cakes and frozen yogurt. This is likewise the explanation behind kids losing vitality during their early afternoon classes. He worried on the signific ance of expending solid and common food which offer vitality to our bodies. In spite of schools giving information to the kids on the most proficient method to stay sound, once in a while they pass up giving solid food to them. The specialists should see this and ensure that youngsters are given acceptable food. Quality Most of the science classes show the kids that great food is the mystery of a sound life. Be that as it may however, the equivalent isn't followed in schools. Specialists require a ton of exertion to ensure that kids get delectable food, yet they pass up the quality. In a time where wellbeing has been given essential significance, schools have disregarded that. Guardians have whined that their kids are experiencing ailment much of the time and their insusceptible frameworks have gone down. An examination directed by the authorities brought a

Community For Contraception In Australia â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questipn: Examine About The Community Resources For Contraception In Australia? Answer: Introducation Victoria Legal Aid is of the suggests the young people (under 18 years) to utilize contraception simply after proposal from the specialist. Be that as it may, they allude the utilization of condoms as there are no symptoms and average limitations in the use of the equivalent. On the off chance that the young lady of the ladies gets pregnant, at that point Victoria Legal Aid recommends three head rules Going with the pregnancy Proceeding with pregnancy and after than giving the child for reception Fetus removal in any case There is no age confinement for premature birth. In any case, if the expecting mother is under 18 years old, premature birth can occur without watchman or guardians just if the specialist gives assent. Administrations they accommodate contraception in Communities in Australia They have an exceptional help called Family Planning Victoria. This uncommon help gives important direction and backing to any aside from mother, be it high school or grown-up is arranging of fetus removal (just during the beginning time of pregnancy). The direction is given dependent on proficient learning and backing. They likewise distribute tweaked regenerative and sexual wellbeing e-pamphlet (Contraception and pregnancy | economyLegal Aid, 2017). Family Planning Victoria Family Planning Victoria manages the instruction in the field of generation and sexual wellbeing. It is in part supported by the Victorian Government and has been offering support throughout the previous 4 decades. So as to lecture propagation, contraception and pregnancy mindfulness, they work in organization with the nearby, territorial and other national colleges. It likewise incorporates colleges, Womens Health focuses and other Family Planning associations, which are related with the International Planned Parenthood Federation and Family Planning Alliance Australia. Mindfulness program they lecture for contraception They lecture mindfulness program in the field of generation in a few preparing facilities arranged in various pieces of Australia. They additionally have unique preparing program for ladies under 25. Administrations they accommodate contraception in Communities in Australia They offer various types of assistance in the space of contraception mindfulness in Australia. The administrations are Information in the idea regenerative and its science Sexual human services facilities Preparing and mindfulness program in propagation (About Us Family Planning Victoria, 2017 Co Health: Womens Health Services Co Health is an Australian association who offers free support for the ladies in the field of contraception mindfulness and safe sex. They likewise offer types of assistance for kids wellbeing, dental consideration and specialists in other field of specialization. Mindfulness program they lecture for contraception In giving data about ladies wellbeing, they most give accentuation on administrations like Common maternity care among the co-wellbeing birthing specialists and nearby medical clinics Family arranging and counsel in contraception Cervical screening (pap test) for the anticipation of Human Papilloma Virus Infection (cervical malignancy) Wellbeing data with respect to young ladies and counsel in safe sex Explicitly Transmitted Disease (STD) mindfulness Administrations they accommodate contraception in Communities in Australia The primary area of their administration is, they give ladies a complete help so as to help them to take educated and developed choice about their wellbeing. Their Womens Health Nursing are constantly accessible for the discussion with the local gatherings in regards to issues with ladies wellbeing and contraception. One can see their area and have a word with their prepared experts whenever (Womens Health Services, 2017) Valid: Relationships Productive Health Genuine is a 4-decade-old association in Australia who gives master help to ladies in the field of conceptive and sexual wellbeing. They are probably the biggest supplier of Long Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC). They work in various nearby locales in Australia and give compelling arrangement and mindfulness in the contraception. Mindfulness program they lecture for contraception In the space of contraception and premature birth, they lecture wellbeing and safe sex. They are of the assessment that in the event that the pregnancy is spontaneous, at that point contraception is right of each lady. Administrations they accommodate contraception in Communities in Australia Experienced specialists help with picking the contraception, which is right of each lady. The specialists perform contraception by means of hormonal and through LARC. In the field of LARC they use Implanon, hormone inserts, intra-uterine gadgets and different intravenous infusions. In the event that the lady is wanting to get pregnant or confronting trouble in considering then the specialists and the medical attendants working for True assistance them with the most ideal ways. They likewise encourage them in regards to how to lead an explicitly solid life (True, 2017). Marie Stopes Australia Built up in 2000, Marie Stopes Australia is giving consideration and non-critical help in generation and sexual wellbeing to the Australian ladies and men. Mindfulness program they lecture for contraception As per Marie Stopes Australia, the requirement for crisis contraception is and the mindfulness in high however there are restricted access for contraception among the Australian ladies. Administrations they accommodate contraception in Communities in Australia All the centers offer LARC choices like contraception infusion, preventative embed or bar, the copper intra-uterine gadget and uncommon hormonal intrauterine framework. Aside from contraception, they additionally offer types of assistance in clinical premature birth, careful fetus removal, vasectomy. The choice based directing obtained by them encourages the ladies to take choice with respect to whether they are prepared for pregnancy or not (Contraception Marie Stopes AU, 2017) References About Us - Family Planning Victoria. (2017).Fpv.org.au. Recovered 23 August 2017, from https://www.fpv.org.au/Management Contraception | Marie Stopes AU. (2017).Marie Stopes Australia. Recovered 23 August 2017, from https://www.mariestopes.org.au/contraception/ Contraception and pregnancy | Victoria Legal Aid. (2017).Legalaid.vic.gov.au. Recovered 23 August 2017, from https://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au/find-legitimate answers/sex-and-law/contraception-and-pregnancy Genuine is the state's driving supplier of conceptive and sexual wellbeing administrations. It gives a wide scope of center administrations, remembering mastery for contraception, for example, Implanon and Mirena, just as network instruction administrations. - True. (2017).True.org.au. Recovered 23 August 2017, from https://www.true.org.au/ Ladies' Healthcare Services. (2017).www.cohealth.org.au. Recovered 23 August 2017, from https://www.cohealth.org.au/wellbeing administrations/nursing/womens-wellbeing administrations/

War, By Sebastian Junger - 1575 Words

The novel War, written by Sebastian Junger, is the journalist’s perspective of events that unfold during his time in Korengal, Afghanistan with the American Army. Throughout the book, he retells his experiences of being shot at, the emotional trauma of losing a soldier in combat, the undeniably strong bond between soldiers, and the consequences combat has on family members. While this novel has some very detailed and brutally honest components regarding the war in Afghanistan, I found the insight provided by Junger on combat to be very interesting. Once I started reading this novel, it was nearly impossible to put it down as I was finding myself entranced within this world of war. It was because of this insight into the world of combat, although brief, that permitted me to better understand what soldiers actually experience in warzones. My previous knowledge on the context of this novel, as well as personal experiences, transformed my mindset from thinking critically abo ut the novel to becoming emotionally connected to the success of the soldiers. I found that the more I read this novel, the more my life experiences influenced my attitude towards the individuals and experiences as described by Junger. One of the biggest influences, after reflection of the novel, is my nationality. There are many stereotypes about Americans. One of the most known is being overly patriotic. I find that this particular stereotype is generally true, and patriotism is an immensely strongShow MoreRelatedWar, By Sebastian Junger1672 Words   |  7 Pagesparts of the country. â€Å"War† by Sebastian Junger, not only brings to life the scenarios of war and its effects, but also reveals the camaraderie between soldiers. â€Å"War† develops throughout a year in the Korengal Valley of eastern Afghanistan. The delightful, rough landscape is sharply chilly in winter and bursting hot in summer, the troops enduring in primitive conditions through long extends of pounding weariness punctuated by brief, nerve racking scenes of battle. Junger was right in the heart ofRead MoreThe Novel War By Sebastian Junger1483 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel War, written by Sebastian Junger, records the events in Korengal, Afghanistan with the American Army from a journal’s perspective. Throughout the book, he retells his experiences of fire fights, the emotional trauma of losing a fellow fighter, the undeniably strong bond between soldiers, and the consequences combat has on family members. While this novel has some detailed and brutally honest components regarding the war in Afghanistan, I found the insight provided by Junger on combatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book War By Sebastian Junger1337 Words    |  6 Pages There is a very large majority of material written and taken down about the Iraq/Afghan war, and our libraries hold majority of these works of literature. This is a book review of the book â€Å"War† which is authored by Sebastian Junger and published by Hatchett Book Group in May of 2010. Sebastian Junger was an â€Å"embedded† reporter with the 2nd Platoon, Battle Company of the 173rd Airborne Brigade for Vanity Fair magazine, and was entirely dependent on the U.S. military for food, shelter, security,Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Sebastian Jungers The Cold Enemy 1386 Words   |  6 Pagesvideo that emerged appearing to show four U.S. Marines urinating on several dead Taliban fighters. Author, Sebastian Junger makes an effort to present the faults in the public’s reaction to the video. He composed such article dubbed â€Å"We’re all guilty of dehumanizing the enemy† on January 13th, 2012, in which he employs strategic rhetoric to emphasize the effectiveness of his argument. Junger questions the ironic nature of the public’s outrage; the American viewers prosecute troops for desecratingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Lion In Winter By Sebastian Junger784 Words   |  4 PagesJunger-â€Å"The Lion In Winter† Soap Stone Speaker: Sebastian Junger clearly expresses passion for the soldiers fighting the Taliban in Afghanistan. Junger is an award winning journalist and professional risk-taker who takes chances with his life by getting involved with all the actions necessary to report jaw dropping experiences. He clearly is a devout reporter who went as far as to risk his own life for his research and experiences such as going to see armed conflicts in Bosnia, Sierra, Leone, andRead MoreAnalysis Of James D. Houstons Farewell To Manzanar978 Words   |  4 Pages War has been a topic that is upsetting and off-limits for many. Although, it shouldn’t be. War has become a rising issue as veterans come back home. Authors use languages such as imagery, strong diction, and rhetorical strategies to stress the importance of talking about war. Some may also use personal experience to raise awareness of the effects on both sides of the war and to deal with post-traumatic events that happen to veterans. Often authors use imagery to portray how war affects ones lifeRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1778 Words   |  8 Pagesillnesses can benefit from a war type of setting where your life is on the line. Those types of settings can really bring people together and they can also destroy them as well. We can never truly understand how they feel unless we experience a traumatic event like the way that those individuals have gone through. These issues not only affect you, but they also affect the people around you. In the book tribe, they talked about a situation such as this were before there where wars in different type of country’sRead MorePtsd Is A Whole Body Tragedy, An Integral Human Event Of Enormous Proportions With Massive Repercussions Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pagestragedy, an integral human event of enormous proportions with massive repercussions†. Veterans returning from war should be able to overcome post-traumatic stress disorder by going to health professionals or getting help with counseling. What is PTSD? Post-traumatic stress disorder is a life-threatening exposure in which an individual experiences a flashback to a traumatic event, such as war. Combat often substantially affects the soldier’s minds, but post-traumatic stress disorder can follow afterRead MoreFuture Of Ptsd Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pagesnumber more than ever before. According to MedlinePlus.gov, a free website sponsored by the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health, 31 percent of Vietnam veterans are affected by PTSD, as well as 10 percent of Gulf War veterans and 11 percent of Afghanistan veterans. Though the numbers of veterans living with PTSD are already daunting, the poor progress of research on improved medication brings out even more hidden evil. In a podcast with KJZZ, Dr. John Krystal, aRead Morephysical and mental effects on soldiers post-war Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pages Aldana Lopez Professor Birden ENC1101 16 October 2014 Returning From War After-Effects Is joining the forces of the United States worth it if a person cannot even live a normal life? Seth Rodriguez was in the army and fought for our country a few years back. To this day, he is having problems with aggression for petty situations with his own family. He loses his temper easily, yells, and loses control over his words not realizing how hurtful they are to his family and friends. He can’t be

Mary Read A Profile of the Notorious Female Pirate

One of  the few known female pirates, Mary Read (known also as Mark Read) was born somewhere around 1692. Her flouting of typical gender norms allowed her to earn a living during  a time when single women had few options for economic survival,. Early Life Mary Read was the daughter of Polly Read. Polly had a son by her husband, Alfred Read; Alfred then went to sea and didnt return. Mary was the result of a different, later relationship. When the son died, Polly tried to pass off Mary as her son in applying to her husbands family for money. As a result, Mary grew up dressing as a boy, and passing for a boy. Even after her grandmother died and the money was cut off, Mary continued to dress as a boy. Mary, still disguised as male, disliked a first job as a footboy, or servant, and signed up for service on a ships crew. She served for a time in the military in Flanders, keeping up her appearance as a man until she married a fellow soldier. With her husband, and dressed as a female, Mary Read ran an inn, until her husband died and she could not keep up the business. She signed up to serve in the Netherlands as a soldier, then as a sailor on the crew of a Jamaica-bound Dutch ship -- again disguised as a male. Becoming a Pirate The ship was taken by Caribbean pirates, and Mary joined the pirates. In 1718, Mary accepted a mass amnesty offered by George I, and she signed up to fight the Spanish. But she returned, soon, to piracy. She joined the crew of Captain Rackam, Calico Jack, still disguised as a man. On that ship, she met  Anne Bonny, who was disguised as a man, also, though she was the mistress of Captain Rackam. By some accounts, Anne tried to seduce Mary Read. In any case, Mary revealed that she was a woman, and they became friends, possibly lovers. Anne and Captain Rackam had also accepted the 1718 amnesty and then returned to piracy. They were among those named by the Bahamian governor who proclaimed the three as Pirates and Enemies to the Crown of Great Britain. When the ship was captured, Anne, Rackham and Mary Read resisted capture, while the rest of the crew hid below deck. Mary fired a pistol into the hold, to try to move the crew to join the resistance. She was reported to have yelled, If theres a man among ye, yell come up and fight like the man ye are to be! The two women were considered tough, exemplary pirates.  A number of witnesses, including captives of the pirates, testified to their activities, saying  that they wore womens cloaths at times, that they were cursing and swearing much and that they were twice as ruthless as the men. All were put on trial for piracy in Jamaica. Both Anne Bonny and Mary Read, after conviction, claimed  they were pregnant, so they were not hanged when the male pirates were. On November 28, 1720. Mary Read died in prison of a fever on December 4. Mary Reads Story Survives The story of Mary Read and Anne Bonny was told in a book published in 1724. The author was Captain Charles Johnson, which may have been a nom de plume for Daniel Defoe. The two may have inspired some of the details about Defoes 1721 heroine,  Moll Flanders.

Michael Lackey Beyond Good And Evil - 1784 Words

In Michael Lackey’s essay, Beyond Good and Evil: Huckleberry Finn on Human Intimacy, Lackey argues that Mark Twain s novel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn seeks to destroy and abolish morality and considers morality socially, psychology, and politically destructive. While I agree with Lackeys points that accepting morality means rejecting friendship and accepting friendship means rejecting morality, in the case of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. I don’t believe such an argument adequately addresses the base of morality and human culture. In the course of this essay I will argue that morality isn’t a perfect pinnacle to base all thoughts and ideas off, but it is not a bad tool either. Lackey and Twain argue that morality is evil and as†¦show more content†¦I believe that Aunt Sally or another character, if they knew, would have stepped in and stopped Tom’s antics. I don’t think the way Tom acted reflects the morals per say, of a majority of people in this era, rather a â€Å"game† of a child. With that being said I do think that the view of morality that most people during this time had, allowed them to have and control slaves without feeling guilty. One of Lackeys major points in his essay is that Huck ultimately has to make the choice between friendship and morality. If Huck wants to be moral that means he can’t free Jim, and if Huck want’s to have a friendship with Jim then he will suffer a loss of morality. We witness Huck with this tough decision throughout the novel. When Jim is talking about his family and how he’s going to work his way to free them, and if that doesn’t work, steal them. We see Huck s inner turmoil. What had poor Mrs. Watson done to you, that you could see her nigger go off right under your eyes and never say a single word? What did that poor old woman do to you, that you could treat her so mean? Why, she tried to learn you your book, she tried to learn you your manners, she tried to be good to you every way she knew how. That s what she done. (Twain 82) Huck is clearlyShow MoreRelatedHuckleberry Finn Morality Analysis1856 Words   |  8 PagesThe Choice of Morality In Michael Lackey’s essay, â€Å"Beyond Good and Evil: Huckleberry Finn on Human Intimacy†, Lackey argues that Mark Twains novel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, seeks to destroy and abolish morality and considers morality socially, psychology, and politically destructive. I agree with Lackey’s points that in the case of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn accepting morality means rejecting friendship and accepting friendship means rejecting morality. However, I don’t believe suchRead More Societys Struggle Against Its Savage Roots Essay example1914 Words   |  8 Pages‘light of development. Without the arrival of the light of the Europeans for use in comparison, the Congo would be neither light nor dark; it is civilization that creates the primitive darkness. The light of civilization in the Congo is depicted as evil, symbolized by the white accountant who is clothed in white starched linen amongst the white mans civilized endeavours (digging holes) set against the dark natives -crouched in pain against the dark tree trunks- who are starving and dying as theyRead More Heart of Darkness Essay2840 Words   |  12 PagesDarknessquot; the name itself implies a sense of unknown evil, and invokes thoughts of secrecy and mystery. It paints paradoxes of seemingly clear concepts and states, such as the mental condition of central character Kurtz, an enigmatic ivory trader deep in the heart of the quot;Dark Continent.quot; The setting indeed takes place in a region remarkably like the Congo that has led many scholars to automatically label it as such.( Lackey ) For the purposes of this essay, I will acknowledge suchRead MoreConsideration on Religious Hypocrisy and Morals in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1795 Words   |  8 Pagesfor some of it as quick as I could to throw over my left shoulder and keep off the bad luck, but Miss Watson was in ahead of me and crossed me off. She says, â€Å"Take your hands away Huckleberry; what a mess you are always making!† The widow put in a good word for me†¦ (Twain, 15). This particular event, in the very beginning of the novel, demonstrates how two people of the same religion can be opposites on the spectrum on how they treat people like Huck. On one side, unkind, severe Miss Watson, hadRead MoreLooking for Richard Transcript11989 Words   |  48 PagesJapan next. - To Japan, maybe, is a quest. It has always been a dream of mine... ... to communicate how I feel about Shakespeare to other people. So I asked my friend Frederic Kimball, who is an actor and a writer... ... and also our colleagues Michael Hadge... ... and James Bulleit, to join me. And by taking this one play, Richard III... ... analyzing it, approaching it from different angles... ... putting on costumes, playing out scenes... ... we could communicate both our passià ³nRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesfeedback received from both students and teachers, which is deeply appreciated. As a result of the this feedback, the following changes have been made to the fifth edition: †¢ Restructuring of text to include four supplemental chapters that cover topics beyond the project management core. †¢ Inclusion of a supplemental chapter on agile project management which has enjoyed success on new product and software development projects. †¢ Terms and concepts have been updated to be consistent with the fourth edition

Structure and Function of Self Alienation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Structure and Function of Self Alienation. Answer: Introduction: A novella by Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis is one of the most recognized, seminal works of fiction, published in the year of 1915, that depicts the horrendous and yet absurd transformation of the travelling salesman Gregor Samsa (Rhodes Westwood, 2016). However, what strikes to be more absurd here than the horrendous transformation of Gregor, is the transformation of Gregors sister Grete, and the entire family, who push helpless Gregor to the path of self-alienation, misery and ultimately death. In the post modern era, the literary discourse has primarily revolved around the trauma and existential pain of isolation of the protagonists, in a materialistic society, where the family values, social norms or ideal virtues are deemed to be futile rituals. Marxism and Existentialism, depicted a human as an alienated being, unable to seek out any distinct meaning in life, deprived of the essential humanity that defines man, and is estranged from the community at large (Sokel, 1956). Accord ingly, it would be discreet to consider the transformation of Gregor into a vermin, as a literary metaphor of an alienated man, who has lost his human identity, while working in a mindless society, having lost the meaning of family life. In the works of noted literary artists, such as Feuerbach, Schiller or Marx, man has continually being reiterated as an isolated, self-alienated being, who has lost his meaning in life, while residing in a materialistic society that relies on the exploitation of labor. According to Marx, a work should be done for the sake of ones own pleasure that helps a man to distinguish his productivity from animal productivity. In a materialistic, profit-driven world, a human is compelled to work for longer hours, against his pleasure and he has to work mechanically, without using his creative instinct. In the story, much before the physical estrangement of Gregor occurs from his bodily being, the reader can understand that he has been estranged from his own self, owing to the fact that he has been pre-occupied in his all-consuming work. Marx has earlier already spoken of the externalization human being encounters, in a solely materialistic, capitalistic economy, whereby a human being loses the essence of his being, and is dwindled to a merely mindless animal. The Marxists already claimed that a work done for the pleasure of the doer can be a liberating experience, and yet if the work is being forcefully imposed upon someone out of economic necessity, then the worker is essentially alienated not only from the society, but he is also estranged from the humanity at large. Thus, as pointed out by critics, that Gregor Samsas transformation into a vermin presents self-alienation in a literal way (Sokel, 1983). In the story The Metamorphosis, the protagonist himself has been found to complain against the burden of his unbearable work, and instead of feeling engaged, he feels alienated, exhausted and oppressed. He exclaims with utmost self-pity, "what a grueling job I've picked! Day in, day out - on the road, although at the same time, he seems to be obsessed with the materialistic aims in life, as he is also found to feel proud that he has been able to provide such a life in so nice an apartment to his parents and sister (Sokel, 1983). In fact, there is no gain stating that Gregors metamorphosis literally enacts the loss of self (Sokel, 1983 pp 487). However, a human being is supposed to be self-liberated, free to choose his life, make his own decisions, and think creatively, while cherishing a free, self-chosen life, and Kafkas Gregor is just another man in a capitalist economy, whose life is run by machine, clicks and watches. The grandeur of the human life finds no expression in todays world, and consequently Gregor was transformed into a pest much before the metamorphosis occurred. Gregor, after the metamorphosis stands unsteady, unable to control his legs, and he stands representative of the men of a capitalistic society, where each human being has lost their meaning or control in life, and are merely driven and domineered by the mechanism of a materialistic society. In the story also, one can find Gregors boss everywhere, barging in his personal doma in, vehemently questioning and criticizing his parents child rearing skills with the worker wriggling and writhing under the interminable oppression of the society. The metamorphosis of Gregor is likened to a test whereby Gregor intends to examine their love and integrity of his family members towards him, and his tragedy lies in their inability to pass the test. Kafka unveils a world, that is relentless and monstrous in its insensibility to anything that fails to offer monetary benefits to the residents of the society. Despite the intense dissatisfaction of Gregor with the work he does, he strives to continue his hated bondage for the sake of repaying his fathers debt, which his father owes his employer. However, as his metamorphosis intervenes with his job, Gregor yearns more and more for human contact, and yet his parents start alienating start losing their empathy for the burdensome insect. Apart from the literal dehumanization of the protagonist, the metaphorical dehumanization that Gregors family undergoes is being starkly portrayed in the story. While the father inflicts wound on Gregor with an apple that literally rots and festers in his flesh, his sister tells his parents how his burdensome brother should die. As it is evident that in Kafkas world, love fails to overcome horror, and the beauty condemns the beast (Sokel, 1983 pp 204). A capitalistic society that is driven solely by materialistic concerns, will tend to replace humanity by monetary concerns, and the same holds truth for Gregors family (Straus, 1989). As long as Gregor was working hard enough allowing his sister to dress nicely and sleep for longer hours, the sister was supportive of her brother. As soon as the brother, so far working hard, loses his capacity to appease the needs and desires of the family, the family turns back on him. As soon as the brother ruins the violin concert of Grete, the sister refuses to empathize with Gregor and insists his parents that he requires to be disposed like any household insect. The Marxists themselves had earlier stated that in a capitalist society, driven by money and mercenary motives, the cessation of love, humanity and empathy leads to the death of familial ties as well. While Gregor has been pre-occupied in earning money for offering a luxurious life to his family, he has been losing attachments and bonds, and he realizes the same only after his metamorphosis. In a capitalistic society, love and integrity within the family start losing significance, as the son emerges to be a mere instrument of earning money. The stark oppression of the society impose inhuman pressure on the family members, who must survive or die, in absence of money. Gregors father gets himself in debt, and his financial crisis robs him of any sense of humanity. He starts behaving ruthlessly with Gregor, giving him a hard blow, throwing apple at him that gets imbedded itself in Gregors back. With the metamorphosis of Gregor, and his loss of humanity, the entire family starts losing h umanity and changes the attitude towards Gregor. Though their metamorphosis in attitude occurs slowly, their loss of human conscience nevertheless kills the protagonist. Even after the shocking death of Gregor, his family apparently shows no grief, and in his funeral, they are found to express the belief that they would be able to lead an easier life, being relieved of the burden. In an insects disguise, Gregor emerges to be a human being, while his family members, despite being humans have been behaving as insects, with the loss of their human conscience. The family turns dysfunctional, as Gregors beloved sister states with utmost indignation: Such an animal cannot live with people (Kafka, 2014). Thus, the value of a human being is apparently reliant on his ability to provide mercenary benefits to his family, failing which he is reduced to a mere burden. The values of love and fidelity are central to the concept of a family, and yet even for the mother of Gregor, it is being observ ed that her feeling of fear and revulsion takes over her maternal impulse. To conclude, it should be remembered that although the tale emerges to be an absurd story of a man getting transformed into an insect, the transformation of a young man into an insect suggests the impersonal and absolutely dehumanizing structure of class relations. Gregor emerges more as a proletariat rather than the son of the family, and consequently his only way of survival is possible by working laboriously. Despite his utter discontent with his work, he keeps on working hard to pay off the dues of his father, and yet the sudden transformation, in life diminishes his value in his family. As an instrument in a capitalist society, his family as well as his life abandons him, while the readers are left with the horrid truth, that a man has no personal value, and his value and respect within his family, lies in his exchange value. Not only the manager of Gregor abandons him, an action truly representative of his bourgeois class, but his family also abandons him, reiterating what Marx and Engels already stated: the bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and has reduced the family relation into a mere money relation". Reference List: Kafka, F. (2014). The Essential Kafka: The Castle, The Trial, Metamorphosis and Other Stories. Sokel, W. H. (1956). Kafka's" Metamorphosis": Rebellion and Punishment.Monatshefte, 203-214. Sokel, W. H. (1983). From Marx to Myth: The Structure and Function of Self-Alienation in Kafka's" Metaphorphosis".The Literary Review,26(4), 485. Straus, N. P. (1989). Transforming Franz Kafka's" Metamorphosis".Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society,14(3), 651-667.

Analyses of Chickamauga essays

Analyses of Chickamauga essays Chickamauga is short story by Ambrose Bierce that takes place in 1863 during the American Civil War. It is an anti-war narrative that also speaks to the evolution of humans in battle. A young child, the son of a veteran is the central character. Having grown up around war and being born of a soldier the child shows insensitivity to wounded men that few could understand. Not only insensitive to the setting, the child makes a game of the situation at hand. At the end of this short story, both the reader and the child are shown the true gravity of this tale. On an apparent typical afternoon, in the setting of this story, a young child wanders from his home playing games. After being frighten by a rabbit the child takes a nap and wakes to what seems a dream, to the reader unfamiliar with the back drop of this story. In the goriest detail the child happens upon what he thinks are animals. Shortly after, it becomes evident these "animals" are retreating, wounded soldiers. Both desensitized and unaware of the seriousness of what he's found, the soldiers become pawns in the child's game. Ironically the child pretends to be a General leading his troops to battle. Eventually and unaware, the child followed by his "troops" find their way back to his home only to find it torched and his mother killed outside of it. Finally the reader is made aware that the More than a century later, Chickamauga is still the subject of deep analysis. One such analysis was done by James Baltrum in "Bierce aboard the Beagle: Darwinian Discourse and Chickamauga." (2009) Baltrum claims that "Chickamauga" is much more than "an allegorical progression from youthful innocence to adult experience or a socially conscious antiwar narrative" (227). It is a statement about both the good and bad effects of Darwin's theory of evolution (Bierce 227). While Bierce is a supporter of Darwinism and thought of him highly he acknowl...

The Conflict Between Happiness and Intelligence †English Essay

The Conflict Between Happiness and Intelligence – English Essay Free Online Research Papers The Conflict Between Happiness and Intelligence English Essay Today’s world is set up in a way that makes most people blind to the truths of life. People are too busy living to notice what in reality is going on around them. But does that make them less happy than the people aware to the reality? The conflict between happiness and intelligence is very well illustrated in the book The Sea-Wolf by Jack London. Humphrey Wan Weyden, a gentlemen and a writer, gets into a shipwreck while taking a trip on a ferry-steamer. He is picked up by a sealing schooner, dictated by the strong and brutal captain Wolf Larsen. It turns out that he is a well-read thinker and a philosopher. While both characters are intelligent, Larsen has been exposed to the facts of life, while Humphrey, also known as Hump, lives in world of illusions. Larsen’s philosophies that are revealed in the book, bring out the miseries of being intelligent. It is not possible for one to become as happy as they could have when exposed to the facts of life. Every person’s goal is to be happy, throughout their lives. Many refuse to admit it and maybe think they live for a higher cause. But really, what is the point of living if you will not be happy? The way Wolf Larsen put it, â€Å"delight is the wage for living. Without delight, living is a worthless act. To labor at living and be unpaid is worse than to be dead.† (The Sea-Wolf by Jack London, p.177) Being happy is all we strive for, it is the nectar of life. It is also important to understand this, because otherwise one will live their whole life striving to be â€Å"successful†, subconsciously thinking that money will bring them happiness, and be disappointed. If a person lives to themselves, and at every choice they make, consider if it will make them happier or not, they will make much more rational decisions. Unfortunately it is hard to come to this conclusion about happiness without separating what is real and what is not. The society tells us quite a differ ent thing: If you live for yourself, you are an egotist, and if you live for others, you are Mother Theresa – bullshit. One does what one has to, to be happy. Today’s society is purely an illusion. People live their lives according to what the society tells them to. It is merely a game, in which one plays only a small part in. This is impossible to truly recognize, without understanding the facts of life, the realities, the truths. All a person is, is what he thinks, and what he physically feels. â€Å"Cogito ergo sum,† was the way Renà © Descartes worded it. How can one be sure of anything else but themselves thinking? The universe is indifferent, and that is not so hard to prove, anybody that believes otherwise has convinced themselves of just another illusion. After accepting the realities, one can not resume to the life of illusions. When once a person was made happy by making money or being with their loved ones, their reason now tells them that it is quite meaningless. Mind dictates the feelings more than the feelings dictate the mind. One can never extract as much joy out of intelligence, as they could out of feelings. â€Å"He who delights the most lives the most, and your dreams and unrealities are less disturbing to you and more gratifying than are my facts to me.† (London, p.177) It is upsetting how the human mind works. Search for the knowledge only reveals that one is better off without it. Although one has to admit, it pays off a little bit in a certain superiority it gives the person, above all dreamers. The human mind is always under question by those who have enough intellect to question it. But to address the question if it makes one happier, the answer is a big NO. It is much more rewarding to just play along with the game, for the emotions gained, good or bad, are a thousand times more satisfying. And when realizing this, all that is left is a thought well expressed by Wolf Larsen: â€Å"I envy you, I envy you.† (London, .178) Research Papers on The Conflict Between Happiness and Intelligence - English EssayBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayHip-Hop is ArtTrailblazing by Eric AndersonComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on Children

Frankenstein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Frankenstein - Essay Example Shelley's novel opens with several letters written by the storyteller, Robert Walton to his sister, Margaret Saville, in England as Walton himself is on a grand voyage to the end of the earth. The series of letters sets the stage for introducing Victor Frankenstein who Walton meets during his voyage. And then, the rest of the book recounts Frankenstein's story of his life. I was especially glued to Shelley's vivid descriptions of locales, the changing seasons, how the characters looked and their emotions at different parts of the story. The writing was so colorful that it was better than watching a movie. Shelley's story also depicted the sensibilities of the age, especially the differing natures and primary pursuits of various countries and peoples in Europe and England. It portrayed the importance that some individuals put on science and other intellectual pursuits while others choose to occupy themselves primarily with commerce and the accumulation of wealth. Shelley depicted the interplay of good and bad in human character and very successfully did so. Personally, my realization was that there is always reason why people do certain things and that this reason is primarily good in the view of the person acting on the reason. Before I read the original text of Frankenstein, I had very many misconceptions about the story. I had thought Frankenstein was the monster, or Victor Frankenstein was a mad scientist, or that a Mrs. Frankenstein actually came into being. All this was probably brought on by the different stories I heard on the same subject. I never thought that I would consider Frankenstein a literary masterpiece that has made it become a classic. Actually reading the novel has of course changed all that. It was quite easy for me to get a copy of Frankenstein because it was available in the Project Gutenberg collection. A remarkable novel such as what Mary Shelley has written over 200 years ago can now be easily accessed, read, dissected, analyzed or merely perused for enjoyment. The Gutenberg collection has over 3 million titles and over 25,000 of these are freely accessible. Indeed, in this age of computers it is quite marvelous to be able to look back at somebody's work from hundreds of years ago, learn from it and get inspired by it. Who is Victor Frankenstein (Reflective Essay) It is amazing to realize that Victor Frankenstein, the character created by Mary Shelley in her famous novel some 200 years ago may well be any one of us, today. Shelley may have over dramatized the pursuits of Frankenstein in her book but the character of Victor, his aspirations, his focused pursuit of objectives, his joys and sorrows are as human as they were then as they are now. Victor, at the story's opening is from a family with means. But as he relates the story of his parents, it was not so in the past, rather a series of ups and downs in terms of economic well-being. That initial story already depicts human histories that are true

The Diverse Interpretations of Muslim Laws Essay - 1

The Diverse Interpretations of Muslim Laws - Essay Example In exchange for virgins in the afterlife, some Muslim groups interpret Jihad as a holy war to kill innocent civilians. Evidently, the two readings show the Muslim people’s diverse interpretations of the Koran’s Suras and related Muslim resources. The research focuses on the different interpretations of Muslim laws. One of the laws, Jihad, has diverse interpretations. Similarly, the gender issue has different explanations. Other Muslim groups interpret Jihad as a holy war. The holy war includes killing innocent civilians. Asra Nomani questions the diverse interpretations of the Muslim laws, including the gender equality issues. The authors, Mariane Pearl (2003) and Asra Nomani (2005) emphasized that Muslim life is compounded by one Muslim group’s daily struggles to influence the other individuals’ decisions. The story A Mighty Heart (Pearl, 2003) centers on the interpretation of the Jihad principles. The author describes the dangerous life of Danny Pearl, South Asian News Bureau Chief of Wall Street Journal. As a reporter, Danny traveled around South Asian countries to gather the latest news stories. Mariane Pearl writes the story of the life and death of her husband. Danny disappeared when he was about to meet Sheikh Ali Shah Gilan, the founder of a U.S. jihad group. Danny’s research focused on some Muslim groups’ devotion to Jihad as one of their duties. Past Jihad acts includes the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the 9/11 U.S. airplane attacks (Pearl, 2003). Pearl’s thesis statement: Many Muslim groups have different interpretations of the Muslim Jihad Principle, some violent while others peaceful. The author correctly showed that some Muslim groups prioritize their time and energy to Jihad’s terroristic activities.  

Theoretical Positions of Freud, Adler, Jung, and James Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Positions of Freud, Adler, Jung, and James Essay Introduction Historically, some of the greatest insights of psychological analysis stemmed from the minds of ordinary men and women. In many respects, most psychodynamic theories come from psychoanalysis studies that have been conducted over the generations. Science has worked meticulously to establish quality and validation to structuralist perspectives; however it was functionalism movement that were more qualitative in nature. Although not directly associated with the movement, psychologists such as Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, and William James made is possible to explain the purpose of the human consciousness. They all wanted to discover a way to improve the quality of the lives of individuals rather than focus on laboratory research; a more direct approach to mapping the mind. Their variations in theory were designed to focus on the foundation of human behaviors and the best way to provide accurate analysis and treatment to those behavior motivators. Sigmund Freud: Perspectives and Major Disagreements Conscious and Unconscious: Freud’s Theories – Disagreement In regards to Freudian psychology, Vaughan wrote, â€Å"the imposing, assertive methods of the arrangement†¦made ideal the rise of forceful obstruction in its train (1927). James and Freud have the most significant differences in perspectives. James felt introspection and self-reflection is the way to understanding life within the mental states (Goodwin, 2008). However, Freud believes that behavior is regulated by the unconscious mind. This was made understandable through free association and dreams. Ultimately, Freud thought professionals could figure out the state and individual based the  state on the analysis of his or her dreams (Freud, 1911). But, self-reflection was what James believed (Hart, 2008). Freud’s Sexual Motivations – Disagreement Adler and Jung, who formerly related with Freud, found disagreements with Freud’s theory of sexual motivations and psychosexual developments (Vaughan, 1927). These men argued that placing extreme prominence on the motivation through sex would reduce individual behaviors to only one motivation that is fundamental (Vaughan, 1927). Adler wanted the theory he created to become the main stimulus and foundation through his psychological theories replacing Freud’s emphasis on sexual motivation. He would replace this with self-reflection (Vaughan, 1927). Freud would focus on forces held internally to include; sexual motivation, biological dispositions, and conflicts. Adler’s theories concentrated on social factors (Goodwin, 2008). The most similar views out of the four men where Jung and Freud (Goodwin, 2008). Again Freud would be questioned by Jung and his thoughts within sexual motivations, concluding the theories of analytical psychology (Goodwin, 2008). Although Jung ’s views can be comparable to Freud’s, Jung would extend the theory to embrace a perspective that was more advanced (Goodwin, 2008). Alfred Adler and the Individual Psychology Alfred Adler was an Austrian doctor, psychotherapist, and the main founder of the school of individual psychology. He strongly believed in the importance of the feeling of inferiority or the inferiority complex. The inferiority complex is well known as a major key of developing personalities. An inferiority complex is a lack of self-worth, doubting oneself, uncertain of ability, or feeling as if you are not up to standards. He believed this occurred in the subconscious and caused people to overcompensate. This resulted in people either doing exceeding well, or failing miserably resulting in behavior considered abnormal by society. He believed that people were whole individuals, and from that came his â€Å"Individual Psychology†. Freud disbelieved Adlers ideas and believed they were too contrary so he had all members of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society expel Adler. Despite the fact Freud believed Adler to be incorrect, he still took his ideas seriously and called them,  "honorable errors†. Carl Jung Than we had Carl Jung who was an analytical psychiatrist who is considered as the prototype of the dissident through the impact of his scission and the movement that he created when he became analytical. He was the son of a swiss reverend of a community, he went to school and studied the medical field but he specialized in psychiatry he also worked for a renowed psychiatric hospital in Zurich. Carl Jung had a strong personality and was also thought of as quite facinating he was introduced to Freud in 1907. They hit it off and he would soon be facinated by the prestige and personality that Carl Jung had he soon seen in him the son that could keep the survival of psychoanalysis. He really believed in hm and was so into his personality that it didn’t even face him that Jung was not a jewish like he was. Soon after Jung was traveling to the US and became the first president of the â€Å"International Association of Psychoanalysis†. He traveled the world for a while and did several analysis throughout the US he also became more and more away from his studies as he was aging. But he still got to accomplish a lot and also got to fund his own schools which really attracted a lot of people he was a master in what he did and really got to accomplish a lot in the field of Psychology. Compare and Contrasts As you can see all of the psychologists mentioned above had the same goal: explain the purpose of the human consciousness. Freud as the first to develop the basis of all psychodynamic theories: psychoanalysis. Understanding certain behaviors requires insight into the emotional responses that motivate specific reactions; sexual development was paramount to human behavior. He believed that the human psyche consisted of three parts: the Ego, Super-Ego, and the Id; all parts of the sexual developmental process. On the other hand, Adler’s theory was more straight-forward: he believed that these three parts operated as a single unit; the central theme of functionalism. Alder was the first to establish the idea that an individual’s personality was a direct reflection of their conscious. The psychologist that met these two in the middle was Carl Jung. Like Freud, Jung believed all behaviors were triggered by motivators, only he thought that the motivator was based on an inferio rity complex; and like Adler, he believed that the human psyche acted as a single unit. Jung was most  significant for his use of word association to understand unconscious responses to external stimuli. His efforts proved that the unconscious mind is able to provided responses independent from the conscious mind. And finally, James William emphasized the notion of a â€Å"stream of consciousness†Ã¢â‚¬â€an active agent of mental action that is constantly changing (Goodwin, 2008). Although each psychologist had a unique perspective of how the human psyche operated, they made it possible to explain the consciousness. Conclusion Some of the greatest insights into psychological analysis included Freud’s psychoanalysis; Adler’s individualism; Jung’s analytical perspective, and James’s â€Å"stream of thought† analogies. Because of their extensive efforts to explore the human consciousness, they are often referred to as the â€Å"founding fathers of modern psychology. Together they validated the significance of functionalism over structuralism; the truth lies in the purpose not the design. Each psychologist provided a unique approach to establish what the purpose of the consciousness; the basis of all human behavior. Variations in their theories provided many different approaches to target those behavior motivators. These great psychologist collectively improved the quality of life for many individuals over the generations. References: 1. Freud, S. (1911) Interpretation of Dreams (3rd edition) Retrieved May 12, 2014 from EbscoHost 2. Goodwin, C. J. (2008). A History of Modern Psychology (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 3. Vaughan, W. (1927). The psychology of Alfred Adler. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 21(4), 358-371 EbsocHost 4. Durbin, P. (2004). Alfred Adler. Retrieved May 19, 2014, from http://www.alfredadler.org/alfred-adler 5. Fisher, M. (2010, May). Psychology History. Retrieved May 19, 2014, from http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/adler.htm 6. Kowalski, R., Westen, D. (2005). Psychology (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 7. Jung, Carl. The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology. Ed. Bonnie Strickland. 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 347-348. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 19 May 2014

Solutions to School Violence :: School Violence Essays

Violence in schools has spread widely throughout the nation. This has caused many problems among students, families, faculty of schools, and residents of the areas. However, there are many possible ways we can stop all this violence in schools. Almost three-fourths of the United States teens are afraid of violent crime amongst their peers (Apfel 23). Violence in schools has become a big problem in todays society. With all the people being injured or killed in schools by guns and other weapons, more and more people are getting more weapons to bring in to schools. Nearly half of all males and one-third of all students including females said they could easily obtain a handgun if they wanted to (Glazer 14). The cause of violence can be blamed on many things but 1 mainly. And that one thing is drugs and gangs. Now that more people are selling and buying drugs, people are making money to buy weapons. Gangs, since they came around violence have been increasing steadily. The spread of gangs and drugs has also been implicated in the increasing violence of school youths (Glazer 14). Experts have also said that most violent conflicts among school-age children can be traced back to long- simmering disputes (Apfel 21). Carrying guns and other weapons around schools is becoming more and more popular all around the world. People think that carrying guns around schools with them will make them cool or fit in with other people like themselves. They're wrong. More and more people who are carrying guns around schools today are getting caught and having them taken away. Since schools have gotten metal detectors and scanners, they have cut down the rate of having handguns in schools by nearly 58%(Glazer 5). Security experts have reported that there is no evidence that a metal detector will solve the problem of violence in schools, even though it offers a highly visible symbol to the community (Apfel 22). Even if the schools with all the gun violence in their schools do put in metal detectors at the front entrances of schools, their are many ways kids can sneak in weapons t o school. In 1990 congress made it a felony to bring a gun within one thousand feet of any school under the "Gun-Free School Zones" provision of the 1990 crime prevention package. This law wont help very much because of the fact that students can sneak in weapons through bathroom windows, or an unguarded entrance during recess (Glazer 6).

The Tally Stick

â€Å"The Tally Stick† ENLT 121-2 It is not always feasible to express ones love for another human being simply through words or ordinary actions. Jarold Ramsey wrote a poem that demonstrates how simple markings and items can have priceless meanings to them. â€Å"The Tally Stick† is a poem that explains the symbolic intricacies of a stick that he has created for his wife of many years and more to come. The poem begins showing the analogy between their marriage and the general physiology of the stick itself.Ramsey carved their â€Å"lives in secret† (2) to show that his work of art and their memories should remain mysterious. Both the stick and their marriage are beautiful to the public eye, but he only wants the two of them to know the details of why it is so precious. The stick is carved in â€Å"mountain mahogany† (3) which is both very durable and free of voids present in common woods. This quality of both wood and love is exemplified by â€Å"hard an d rare† (3) to symbolize the strength and preciousness of both.Line 5 makes the transition from Ramsey discussing the quality of their love to positively reminiscing their lives together by â€Å"touching and handling† (5) the stick as opposed to observing it. This is what makes the tally stick so meaningful; a couple would ordinarily revisit their marriage by opening a scrapbook, whereas Ramsey has created an artifact that can be felt in addition to observed to stir up more powerful emotions. The most beloved part of the marriage to Ramsey is the actual ceremony itself.The â€Å"intricate notch† (6) at the beginning of the stick, which he explains is â€Å"our wedding† (7), demonstrates how much he values the matrimonial ceremony between them. This intricacy is created where grains â€Å"converge and join† (6) which can be personified to a man and woman becoming one—their convergence making them larger and more whole than they were as indivi duals. He values this moment so dearly that he can give specific details of the wedding such as â€Å"who danced† (9). Because he can recall so many details of this day, the details of the stick are readable even â€Å"with a thumb† (9).This deep grain was chosen to represent this occasion to symbolize its significance, but more importantly because those grains are permanent in the wood just as their love is permanent. There are two specific symbols that Ramsey etched into the stick symbolizing two unavoidable events: life and death. The first symbols carved were â€Å"little arrowheads† (10), and Ramsey explicitly says they symbolize the â€Å"births of our children† (11). Arrowheads were essential for the sustainment of life in ancient times, therefore Ramsey chose them to represent his children that bring life to him and his wife.Along with the arrowheads are â€Å"heavy crosses† (12) which also explicitly represents the loss of their parents an d friends. In the bible, Jesus was forced to suffer by carrying his own heavy cross before crucifixion; the crosses on the stick symbolize both the suffering of Ramsey and his wife and the deaths of their loved ones. Not only does Ramsey include the influential moments of their lives through etchings, but uncontrollable events are also present on the stick. He included â€Å"Events, History† (15) because occurrences outside marriage do have a slight impact on how a couple lives together.These events affected them much less than those such as the birth of their children, and he symbolizes this by marking them as â€Å"random hashmarks† (15). These small scratches were placed sporadically against the â€Å"swirling grain† (16); the swirling grain is more precious and has a direction and purpose on the stick, whereas the hashmarks were chiseled randomly simply to present a reminder to him and his wife. Ramsey goes into detail about two historical events represented by the hashmarks.The â€Å"Year the World Went Wrong† (17) refers to around 1961 – the year the United States sent troops into Vietnam which eventually escaladed into the Vietnam War including China, Russia, and France. Other hashmarks on the stick are the â€Å"Great Men fell† (18). This is mentioned after the ‘Year the World Went Wrong’ which means that these days occurred after 1961, yet were relatively close to that time period. It is possible that men who ‘fell’ (died) included Kennedy in 1963, Malcom X in 1965, Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968, and Robert F. Kennedy in 1968.All four of those men profoundly impacted America and it is likely Ramsey and his wife grieved over their deaths together. In spite of these horrible events occurring, the love between Ramsey and his wife â€Å"run through it all† (19) both in reality and in the grains on the stick. We know that their marriage persevered because their â€Å"lengthening r unes† (19) ran through the hash marks (19), meaning their growing characteristics and companionship as a couple were not affected by these tragedies but instead continued on their natural course.The final stanza returns to the present time and describes the unfinished state of the tally stick. Ramsey believes that he and his wife are approaching death by indicating the stick is whittled â€Å"nearly end to end† (20). While the stick is almost completely whittled, there is in fact still space left, showing his desire to create more memories with his wife so they can be carved on. Although the stick was carved out of â€Å"hard† (4) mahogany, the current state is â€Å"delicate as scrimshaw† (21) because of the amount of wood carved away by memories.It is so delicate that it would not â€Å"bear you up† (21), simply emphasizing the stick’s physical weakness—not even able to support the weight of his wife if she used it as a cane. The fin al stanza is the first time that Ramsey admits his marriage is realistic and not perfect. Outside of the beautiful carvings is wood that has been smoothened simply by handling it. The phrases â€Å"Regrets have polished it† (22) and â€Å"hand over hand† (22) are both used to symbolize times of dispute in the marriage.The effort and friction required to hold the stick by hand while carving it has ‘polished’ it, which is analogous to the effort needed to work through hardships and ‘regrets’ of the marriage. In addition to the Tally Stick’s current state, the final stanza expresses Ramsey’s desires for the remainder of his marriage and life. Ramsey only wants to reminisce meaningful life events with his wife, which are represented by their â€Å"unforgotten wonders† (23). The fingers will feel â€Å"sign after sign† (25) on the stick, which have already been established as memorable events earlier in the poem.Ramsey w ants this remembrance to be innocent and enjoyable as â€Å"children on a trail† (24), like kids playing on a trail in the forest. He does not wish to talk about the hardships in his marriage, as seen through the phrase â€Å"talk softly† (26), clearly indicating a peaceful conversation that would not include any regrets. The final phrase of the poem is the â€Å"eyes go blind† (27). The most provoking thought of this last line does not refer to simply losing vision, but rather is an analogy to dying together so that neither of them has to experience life without the other.Ramsey ends the poem with this desire to express how dearly he loves his wife. â€Å"The Tally Stick† demonstrates how Ramsey’s love for his wife can be objectified through an artwork that he has created. The medium for the masterpiece and the symbols on it are carefully selected so that every part of the stick is significant. The marriage, the milestones, and the hardships of th eir lives together are engraved on the stick, yet Ramsey makes it clear which parts are of most importance to him through detail and emphasizes that he truly believes in the phrase â€Å"until death do us part†.

Persuasive Speech Against Animal Testing Essay - 1992 Words

Topic: Animal Testing Purpose: To persuade my audience that animal testing is wrong and unethical Relevance: animals are people too and no one wants an animal to suffer for the wrong reasons Intro Imagene being taken to a place where you are locked up, with barely any room for movement, in a small cage. You are taken every once in a while to get your hair shaved off, and things rubbed into your skin that could potentially make your hair never grow back, or it burns you and makes your skin bleed. Or maybe you get a substance put into your eyes and are kept with that substance in your eyes for two weeks and you go blind. These are a few things that happen to animals that are used for research and although animal research†¦show more content†¦A former UW-Madison veterinarian who oversaw the treatment of Double Trouble and other cats used in this laboratory recently issued a letter confirming this abuse, stating that many of the cats suffered unnecessarily. However, no peer-reviewed papers have been published in any scientific journals as a result of the suffering that Double Trouble endured. Correspondence between UW experimenters and their collaborators acknowledg e that there was a problem with Double Troubles surgery; the experiment was a failure.† (PETA) (Transition: Now I wuld ike to talk about the ineffectiveness of animal testing.) II. Ineffectiveness of Animal Testing A. Animals and humans might share much of their DNA, but we are all built differently and we all funtion differently. There are many problems with the animal to human researching that occurs and makes animal testing ineffective. B. Here are some reasons that animal testing does not work i. According to Dr. T Page, Less than 2% of human illnesses (1.16%) are ever seen in animals. Over 98% never affect animals. ii. According to the former scientific executive of Huntingdon Life Sciences, animal tests and human results agree â€Å"5%-25% of the time.† iii. 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